Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents

Sondike, Stephen B.; Copperman, Nancy; Jacobson, Mark Z.

doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.4

Cited by 268 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The inherent difficulties of dietary assessment in children are well recognized 36 and some researchers have recently made attempts to validate dietary changes within their studies. 109 The need for more high-quality studies, expansion of treatment dietary options for overweight children and adolescents is needed and should include measurement of food and beverage intake as well as food behaviors and environments that influence consumption.…”

Section: Considerations When Selecting a Nutritional Biomarkermentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity

2009

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Dietary intake throughout childhood is a key determinant of growth and development and has an important role in both the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity. Although dietary intake assessment is fraught with challenges and limitations, reporting intake remains an important research outcome if dietary recommendations to promote healthy weight are to be refined. The aims of this paper are to review current dietary intake assessment methodologies for children, to identify their biases and provide guidance on how these can be addressed to improve reporting of dietary intakes of overweight children in the literature and to identify future research priorities. Knowledge of the methodological aspects of studies examining dietary intake a priori in the context of obesity will assist researchers in improving the quality of dietary data collected and reported and facilitate publication of both dietary intake and nutrition outcomes in the context of body weight. This will help to develop a strong evidence base against which to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for both the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity.

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Section: Considerations When Selecting a Nutritional Biomarkermentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity

2009

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“…Although, low carbohydrate diets with elevated fat and/or protein content have been reported to result in weight loss in humans [13][14][15][16][17][18], the effects of these diets with regard to effects on feeding-related endocrine and hypothalamic systems have not been fully evaluated. We previously demonstrated that in the rat, a low-carbohydrate diet that was high in fat, (LC-HF: 80 % fat, 5% carbohydrate, 15% protein) did not alter body weight as compared to chow-fed rats, however it did result in alterations in plasma hormone profiles and hypothalamic gene expression levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy balance and hypothalamic effects of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet

Kinzig¹,

Hargrave²,

Hyun

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

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Diets high in fat or protein and extremely low in carbohydrate are frequently reported to result in weight loss in humans. We previously reported that rats maintained on a low carbohydrate-high fat diet (LC-HF) consumed similar kcals/day as chow (CH)-fed rats and did not differ in body weight after 7 weeks. LC-HF rats had a 45% decrease in POMC expression in the ARC, decreased plasma insulin, and increased plasma leptin and ghrelin. In the present study we assessed the effects of a low carbohydrate-high protein diet (HP: 30% fat, 65% protein, and 5% CHO) on body weight, caloric intake, plasma hormone levels and hypothalamic gene expression. Male rats (n=16) were maintained on CH or HP for 4 weeks. HP rats gained significantly less weight than CH rats (73.4 +/− 9.4 and 125.0 +/− 8.2 g) and consumed significantly less kcals/day (94.8 +/− 1.5 and 123.6 +/− 1.1). Insulin was significantly reduced in HP rats (HP: 1.8 +/− 0.6 vs. CH: 4.12 +/− 0.8 ng/ml), there were no differences between groups in plasma leptin and plasma ghrelin was significantly elevated in HP rats (HP: 127.5 +/− 45 vs. CH: 76.9 +/− 8 pg/ml). Maintenance on HP resulted in significantly increased ARC POMC (HP: 121 +/− 10.0 vs. 100 +/− 5.9) and DMH NPY (HP: 297 +/− 82.1 vs. CH: 100+/− 37.7) expression compared to CH controls. These data suggest that the macronutrient content of diets differentially influences hypothalamic gene expression in ways that can affect overall intake.

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“…Much of the available research seems to suggest improvements in most metabolic health parameters after consumption of a short-term LCD (< 6 months) in both normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals. Decreases in fasting serum triglyceride levels [2][3][4][5] have been reported in conjunction with consuming a LCD, as well as increases in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels [5,6], as HDL-C has been shown to increase when dietary carbohydrate is replaced by saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat in the diet [7]. Previous studies also suggest improvements in insulin sensitivity as serum glucose and insulin levels decrease after consuming a low-carbohydrate diet [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Low-carbohydrate diets and performance

Cook¹,

Haub

2007

Curr Sports Med Rep

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Athletes are continually searching for means to optimize their performance. Within the past 20 years, athletes and scientists have reported and/or observed that consuming a carbohydrate restricted diet may improve performance. The original theories explaining the purported benefits centered on the fact that fat oxidation increases, thereby "sparing" muscle glycogen. More recent concepts that explain the plausibility of the ergogenicity of low carbohydrate, or high fat, diets on exercise performance pertain to an effect similar to altitude training. We and others have observed that, while fat oxidation may be increased, the ability to maintain high intensity exercise (e.g., above the lactate threshold) seems to be compromised or at least indifferent compared to when more carbohydrate was consumed.That said, clinical studies clearly demonstrate that ad-libitum low carbohydrate diets elicit greater decreases in body weight and fat than energy equivalent low fat diets, especially over a short duration. Thus, while low carbohydrate and high fat diets appear detrimental or indifferent relative to performance, they may be a faster means to achieve a more competitive body composition.

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Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents

Cited by 268 publications

References 45 publications

Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity

Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity

Energy balance and hypothalamic effects of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet

Low-carbohydrate diets and performance

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