Effects of a sexual assault scenario on handgrip strength across the menstrual cycle

Petralia, Sandra M.; Gallup, Gordon G.

doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(01)00085-x

Cited by 64 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For example, fertile women have been shown to display increased strength after being exposed to cues of sexual coercion [64], are more likely to avoid activities that put them at increased risk of sexual assault [65,66], and exhibit a greater tendency to infer coercive intent among strangers [67].…”

Section: The Role Of Women In Intergroup Conflict: Avoiding Sexual Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: the male warrior hypothesis

McDonald

Navarrete

Vugt

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

339

283

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The social science literature contains numerous examples of human tribalism and parochialism-the tendency to categorize individuals on the basis of their group membership, and treat ingroup members benevolently and outgroup members malevolently. We hypothesize that this tribal inclination is an adaptive response to the threat of coalitional aggression and intergroup conflict perpetrated by 'warrior males' in both ancestral and modern human environments. Here, we describe how male coalitional aggression could have affected the social psychologies of men and women differently and present preliminary evidence from experimental social psychological studies testing various predictions from the 'male warrior' hypothesis. Finally, we discuss the theoretical implications of our research for studying intergroup relations both in humans and non-humans and discuss some practical implications.

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Section: The Role Of Women In Intergroup Conflict: Avoiding Sexual Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: the male warrior hypothesis

McDonald

Navarrete

Vugt

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

339

283

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“…The use of scenarios allows the study of threatening situations that are difficult or unethical to experimentally reproduce in human beings, such as the investigation of behavior and physiological reactions to potential aggression (14), or sexual violence (15,16). On the other hand, the scenario approach does not measure the person's actual reaction to a real situation, allowing only an inference about what the individual believes he/she might do in that situation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive responses to threat scenarios in Brazilians reproduce the pattern of Hawaiian Americans and non-human mammals

Shuhama

Del-Ben

Loureiro

et al. 2008

Braz J Med Biol Res

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A former study with scenarios conducted in Hawaii has suggested that humans share with non-human mammals the same basic defensive strategies -risk assessment, freezing, defensive threat, defensive attack, and flight. The selection of the most adaptive strategy is strongly influenced by features of the threat stimulus -magnitude, escapability, distance, ambiguity, and availability of a hiding place. Aiming at verifying if these strategies would be consistent in a different culture, 12 defensive scenarios were translated into Portuguese and adapted to the Brazilian culture. The sample consisted of male and female undergraduate students divided into two groups: 76 students, who evaluated the five dimensions of each scenario and 248 medical students, who chose the most likely response for each scenario. In agreement with the findings from studies of non-human mammal species, the scenarios were able to elicit different defensive behavioral responses, depending on features of the threat. "Flight" was chosen as the most likely response in scenarios evaluated as an unambiguous and intense threat, but with an available route of escape, whereas "attack" was chosen in an unambiguous, intense and close dangerous situation without an escape route. Less urgent behaviors, such as "check out", were chosen in scenarios evaluated as less intense, more distant and more ambiguous. Moreover, the results from the Brazilian sample were similar to the results obtained in the original study with Hawaiian students. These data suggest that a basic repertoire of defensive strategies is conserved along the mammalian evolution because they share similar functional benefits in maintaining fitness.

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“…Consistent with the theorizing above, a number of recent studies have found support for the proposition that women may possess psychological mechanisms that function to protect reproductive choice via the avoidance of sexually coercive threats (e.g., Bröder & Hohmann, 2003;Chavanne & Gallup, 1998;Fessler, Holbrook, & Fleischman, 2014;Guéguen, 2012;McDonald et al, 2011;Navarrete et al, 2009Navarrete et al, , 2010Petralia & Gallup, 2002) or which function to reduce the costs associated with sexual coercion (Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010). Relevant to the current research, in a series of studies Navarrete et al (2010;Studies 3 and 4) showed that racial bias against outgroup men is elevated among women who appraise themselves as being vulnerable to sexual coercion, even when controlling for domain-general fearfulness.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of a Sexual Coercion Threat Management Systemmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Past research has demonstrated that women exhibit greater vigilance and defensive mechanisms when faced with threatening stimuli at peak conception risk, without reference to the source of the threat (e.g. Bröder & Hohmann, 2003;Chavanne & Gallup, 1998;Fessler et al, 2014;Garver-Apgar et al, 2007;Guéguen, 2012;Petralia & Gallup, 2002). Given these findings, we might have expected women at peak conception risk who appraise themselves as vulnerable to sexual coercion to deny date requests from all men, regardless of whether it came from an ingroup or outgroup member.…”

Section: Conception Risk and Vulnerability To Sexual Coercionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This may be due to the nature of the context in which the date request occurred, which was not a particularly threatening context. In contrast, for example, participants in Petralia & Gallup (2002) were asked to imagine walking to their car late at night while being pursued by a strange man. It may be that the threat level needed to activate the sexual coercion avoidance system is greater in an ingroup context compared to an outgroup context, and that this threat level was not reached in the current study.…”

Section: Conception Risk and Vulnerability To Sexual Coercionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mate choice preferences in an intergroup context: evidence for a sexual coercion threat-management system among women

McDonald

Donnellan

Cesario

et al. 2015

Evolution and Human Behavior

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Effects of a sexual assault scenario on handgrip strength across the menstrual cycle

Cited by 64 publications

References 19 publications

Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: the male warrior hypothesis

Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: the male warrior hypothesis

Defensive responses to threat scenarios in Brazilians reproduce the pattern of Hawaiian Americans and non-human mammals

Mate choice preferences in an intergroup context: evidence for a sexual coercion threat-management system among women

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