Effects of abused drugs on psychomotor performance.

Pickworth, Wallace B.; Rohrer, Melissa S.; Fant, Reginald V.

doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.235

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Participants were required to perform the mathematical operation and to enter the final digit of the response into the keyboard as quickly as possible by pressing a numerical key (e.g., the correct response to 6 + 7 is 3, because the 3 is the final digit of 13). The task ended after 50 trials or after 240 s, whichever came sooner (Pickworth, Rohrer, & Fant, 1997). The mean reaction time (on correct responses) and the percentage error rate were obtained for the Two-Letter Search Task and the Serial Math Test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in acute tobacco withdrawal: Effects on subjective, cognitive, and physiological measures.

Leventhal

Waters

Boyd

et al. 2007

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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131

108

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Gender differences in tobacco withdrawal are of considerable clinical importance, but research findings on this topic have been mixed. Methodological variation in samples sizes, experimental design, and measures across studies may explain the inconsistent results. The current study examined whether male (n = 101) and female (n = 102) smokers (≥15 cigarettes/day) differed in abstinenceinduced changes on a battery of self-report measures (withdrawal, affect, craving), cognitive performance tasks (attention, psychomotor performance), and physiological responses (heart rate, blood pressure, brain electroencephalogram). Participants attended 2 counterbalanced laboratory sessions, 1 following 12 hr of abstinence and the other following ad libitum smoking. Results showed that women reported greater abstinence-induced increases in negative affect, withdrawal-related distress, and urge to smoke to relieve withdrawal distress. In contrast, both genders reported similar abstinence-induced changes in positive affect and urge to smoke for pleasure. Men and women exhibited generally similar abstinence-induced changes in physiological and cognitive performance measures. In addition, gender did not moderate the association between withdrawal symptoms and baseline measures of smoking behavior and dependence. Abstinence-induced changes in withdrawal distress mediated the effect of gender on latency until the 1st cigarette of the day at trend levels (p < .10). These findings suggest that there are qualitative gender differences in the acute tobacco withdrawal syndrome that may underlie gender-specific smoking patterns. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptResearch suggests that women are less likely than men to successfully quit smoking. Recent meta-analyses of smoking cessation trials showed lower abstinence rates for women than men, regardless of whether individuals received group or individual counseling (Wetter, Kenford, et al., 1999), nicotine replacement therapy (Cepeda-Benito, Reynoso, & Erath, 2004;Wetter, Kenford, et al., 1999) or placebo nicotine patch (Wetter, Kenford, et al., 1999), or bupropion sustained release or placebo (Collins et al., 2004;Scharf & Shiffman, 2004). Although there is debate over whether women's quit rates are lower than men's at the population level (Gritz, Nielsen, & Brooks, 1996) or whether differences are large enough to be clinically significant (Killen, Fortmann, Varady, & Kraemer, 2002), it is important to identify gender-specific processes underlying tobacco addiction so that interventions can be tailored to gender.In recent years, researchers have investigated several variables that might differentially impact smoking behavior in men and women. These include attitudes toward cessation (Etter, Prokhorov, & Perneger, 2002), concerns about weight gain (Borrelli, Spring, Niaura, Hitsman, & Papandonatos, 2001), depressive and anxious symptomatology (Borrelli, Bock, King, & Pinto, 1996), nicotine reinforcement (Perkins, Donny, & Caggiula, 1999), mens...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in acute tobacco withdrawal: Effects on subjective, cognitive, and physiological measures.

Leventhal

Waters

Boyd

et al. 2007

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

Self Cite

131

108

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“…Marijuana use is widely assumed to compromise cognitive ability, but controlled scientific investigations of these impairments have yielded mixed conclusions (Chait and Perry, 1994;Fant et al, 1998;Hart et al, 2001;Pickworth et al, 1997). Possible deleterious effects of marijuana use on cognitive flexibility, a cardinal feature of the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Dias et al, 1996a;Owen et al, 1991), may be of particular importance; inflexibility in attentional and affective control may be deleterious to intellectual and social functioning (Pope and YurgelunTodd, 1996), and may underlie perseveration to continued drug administration (Bolla et al, 2002;Jentsch and Taylor, 1999;Volkow and Fowler, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Deficits in Reversal Learning: Neural Correlates of Affective Inflexibility

Egerton

Brett

Pratt

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Despite concerns surrounding the possible adverse effects of marijuana on complex cognitive function, the processes contributing to the observed cognitive deficits are unclear, as are the causal relationships between these impairments and marijuana exposure. In particular, marijuana-related deficits in cognitive flexibility may affect the social functioning of the individual and may contribute to continued marijuana use. We therefore examined the ability of rats to perform affective and attentional shifts following acute administration of D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive marijuana constituent. Administration of 1 mg/kg THC produced marked impairments in the ability to reverse previously relevant associations between stimulus features and reward presentation, while the ability to transfer attentional set between dimensional stimulus properties was unaffected. Concurrent in situ hybridization analysis of regional c-fos and ngfi-b expression highlighted areas of the prefrontal cortex and striatum that were recruited in response to both THC administration and task performance. Furthermore, the alterations in mRNA expression in the orbitofrontal cortex and striatum were associated with the ability to perform the reversal discriminations. These findings suggest that marijuana use may produce inelasticity in updating affective associations between stimuli and reinforcement value, and that this effect may arise through dysregulation of orbitofrontal and striatal circuitry.

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“…I noen av studiene er det anvendt enkle tester der forsøkspersonene for eksempel kun har utført én isolert arbeidsoppgave, mens andre studier har brukt komplekse testbatterier, inklusive kjøresimulator. Aktuelle dobbeltblinde studier der amfetamin i en eller flere ulike doser er sammenliknet mot placebo og/eller innbyrdes, er oppsummert i tabell 1 (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Kontrollerte Studierunclassified

“…Etter dette er det publisert fire studier som har sett på egenskaper som mer direkte er relatert til bilkjøring (17)(18)(19)(20). I den første av disse ble åtte menn som tidligere hadde eksperimentert med illegale rusmidler, inkludert i en overkrysningsstudie der d-amfetamin i doser på 10 mg og 30 mg ble sammenliknet med placebo (17).…”

Section: Kontrollerte Studierunclassified

“…I den første av disse ble åtte menn som tidligere hadde eksperimentert med illegale rusmidler, inkludert i en overkrysningsstudie der d-amfetamin i doser på 10 mg og 30 mg ble sammenliknet med placebo (17). Amfetamin hadde ingen vesentlige effekter på utføring av ulike kognitive, motoriske og perseptive oppgaver, men det lave antallet forsøkspersoner kan maskere forskjeller som i andre sammenhenger kan vaere klinisk viktige.…”

Section: Kontrollerte Studierunclassified

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