Effects of active and passive smoking on salivary cytokines levels in rats: A pilot study

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for some oral diseases. As an essential fluid in the oral cavity, saliva is crucial to maintain oral health. Relative to active smoking, there are very few studies assessing the effect of passive smoking on salivary cytokines levels. In the present study, we established the rat models by the means of the intraoral cigarette smoking or whole body cigarette smoke exposure to simulate human active or passive smoking, respectively. The effects of active or passive smoking on salivary cytokines levels were assessed by using ProcartaPlex multiplex immunoassays. The results of the current study indicated that both active and passive smoking diminished the body weights of rats and increased the levels of some blood counts. Intriguingly, active smoking enhanced the salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-12 p70 and passive smoking elevated the salivary IL-6 level. Moreover, active smoking appeared to have a more prominent activation effect on the salivary IL-6 level. It was noted that active or passive smoking had no significant effect on the salivary IFNlevel. Active or passive smoking could have potential effects on the salivary levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Insights into Hypertension: Microbial Load, Salivary Cytokine Levels and Salivary Flow in Edentulous Patients With Complete Dentures: a Case-Control Study

“…19,44 For instance in a study of the Qatari population's microbiome profile, 19 found that non-smokers exhibit significantly greater diversity in their salivary microbiome compared to smokers, as evidenced by alpha diversity measures. Moreover, smoking activates inflammatory cells and elevates systemic levels of various inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and IL-6, 44,45 thus supporting the findings of our present study.…”

Salivary IL-17 and IL-10 as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers of Different Stages of Periodontitis in Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients

“…33 Multiple possible explanations might justify these differences; one is that nonsmoker patients may have been passive smokers through exposure from individuals who actively smoke; this may affect the results since there is a piece of evidence that passive smoking can activate proinflammatory cytokines. 34 Additionally, in this study, heavy cigarette smokers were exclusively included based on CDC definition criteria, which might be different from the criteria used by other studies. Additionally, tobacco smoking was selfreported in this study.…”