Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on responses maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers in rats.

Raiff, Bethany R.; Dallery, Jesse

doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.3.296

Cited by 24 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…An alternative possibility is that the responses reflected the activity of the same circuit. Indeed, previous work has shown that acute or chronic nicotine exposure enhances responses to food cues in animal models (21,(69)(70)(71)(72). If this effect is true, an important concern to address in future research is how the ability of nicotine to enhance responses to food is associated with the anorectic effects of this substance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered hypothalamic response to food in smokers

Geha¹,

Aschenbrenner²,

Felsted³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Smoking cessation is often followed by weight gain. Eating behaviors and weight change have been linked to the brain response to food, but it is unknown whether smoking influences this response. Objective: We determined the influence of smoking status (smokers compared with nonsmokers) on the brain response to food in regions associated with weight changes in nonsmokers. Design: In study 1, we used functional MRI (fMRI) to identify regions of the brain associated with weight change in nonsmokers. BMI and the brain response to a milk shake, which is a palatable and energy-dense food, were measured in a group of 27 nonsmokers (5 men). Sixteen subjects (3 men) returned 1 y later for BMI reassessment. The change in BMI was regressed against the brain response to isolate regions associated with weight change. In study 2, to determine whether smokers showed altered responses in regions associated with weight change, we assessed the brain response to a milk shake in 11 smokers. The brain response to a milk shake compared with a tasteless control solution was assessed in 11 smokers (5 men) in comparison with a group of age-, sex-and body weight-matched nonsmokers selected from the pool of nonsmokers who participated in study 1. Results: The response in the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and ventral striatum was positively associated with weight change at the 1-y follow-up in 16 nonsmokers. Compared with nonsmokers, smokers had a greater response to milk shakes in the hypothalamus. Conclusion: Smokers display an altered brain response to food in the hypothalamus, which is an area associated with long-term weight change in nonsmokers.Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:15-22.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered hypothalamic response to food in smokers

Geha¹,

Aschenbrenner²,

Felsted³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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show abstract

“…In addition to serving as a weak primary reinforcer, there is growing support for an additional role of nicotine as a reinforcer enhancer (Donny et al 2003;Chaudhri et al 2006b;Raiff and Dallery 2006;Palmatier et al 2007;Liu et al 2007). The reinforcer-enhancer role was suggested because nicotine, either delivered contingent or noncontingent on a response, increased responding maintained by primary reinforcing visual stimuli (Donny et al 2003;Palmatier et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To investigate the generality of the reinforcer-enhancing account of nicotine, Raiff and Dallery (2006) employed an observing response procedure, which has been used to examine conditioned reinforcement (e.g., Dinsmoor et al 1972;Lieving et al 2006;Shahan et al 2006). The first part of the procedure involves illuminating one stimulus (e.g., continuous houselight; S+) during periods of food availability and a different stimulus (e.g., blinking houselight; S−) during periods of extinction (i.e., no food availability).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a single-subject design, Raiff and Dallery (2006) compared a range of presession, subcutaneous injections of nicotine and found that intermediate doses (i.e., 0.1, 0.3, and 0.56 mg/kg) increased responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers during acute and chronic administration. Nicotine slightly increased responding maintained by food after chronic administration, but did not reliably affect responding during extinction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finding supports a reinforcer-enhancing account of nicotine (for some doses) and is consistent with other studies using different procedures to investigate the effects of nicotine on responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers (Chaudhri et al 2006a;Olausson et al 2004a, b). Raiff and Dallery (2006) relied solely on rate of responding to infer changes in the value of the reinforcer (i.e., observing response rates increased under some doses of nicotine). If nicotine serves to increase the value of the reinforcer, then behavior should be more resistant to extinction when reinforcing stimuli are withdrawn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The generality of nicotine as a reinforcer enhancer in rats: effects on responding maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers and resistance to extinction

Raiff

Dallery

2008

Psychopharmacology

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Although there was a tendency for nicotine to increase low predrug response rates (i.e., response rates just prior to nicotine administration), 0.3 and 0.56 mg/kg nicotine systematically increased responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers. The results are consistent with a reinforcer-enhancing role of nicotine. However, nicotine did not increase resistance to extinction, nor did it increase food-maintained responses. Nicotine may selectively increase responding maintained by moderately reinforcing stimuli, such as the conditioned reinforcers used in the present study.

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Quantifying nicotine's value‐enhancement effect using a behavioral economic approach

Cassidy

Dallery

2014

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Nicotine increases the value of some reinforcing stimuli, and this effect may contribute to nicotine's widespread abuse. We aimed to quantify this effect using a behavioral economic analysis. Six Long- Evans rats were exposed to a modified observing response procedure. In this procedure, presses to one lever resulted either in food according to a variable-interval 15 second schedule or extinction; presses to a second, observing lever illuminated stimuli correlated with the schedule in effect on the food/extinction lever (i.e., conditioned reinforcers). The FR requirement on the observing lever increased across sessions. The number of presentations of the conditioned reinforcers was plotted as a function of FR value to generate a demand curve. Nicotine was then administered at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. All demand curves were fitted to the exponential demand equation and a parameter reflecting reinforcer value was evaluated. Nicotine increased the value of the conditioned reinforcers as measured by this equation; nicotine also increased responding on the food/extinction lever. This analysis demonstrates that nicotine increases the value of conditioned reinforcers under certain conditions. The current procedure allows for a novel method of analyzing demand for conditioned reinforcers.

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Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on responses maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers in rats.

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Altered hypothalamic response to food in smokers

Altered hypothalamic response to food in smokers

The generality of nicotine as a reinforcer enhancer in rats: effects on responding maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers and resistance to extinction

Quantifying nicotine's value‐enhancement effect using a behavioral economic approach

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