Effects of Acute Behavioral Stress on Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid ACTH and β-Endorphin in Rhesus Monkeys

Kalin, Ned H.; Carnes, Molly; Barksdale, Charles M.; Shelton, Steven E.; Stewart, Rosemary; Risch, S. Craig

doi:10.1159/000124061

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…1) in that, while no changes are found in CSF, ACTH levels in plasma tend to increase (p = 0.03 for the young and p = 0.09 for the older group) and those in dmscNTS tend to decrease (p = 0.07 for the young and p = 0.01 for the older group). Similar responses in CSF and plasma were reported following a behavioral ß-endorphin-like immunoreactivity stressor in monkeys [5]. Inasmuch as anesthesia per se does not produce a significant change in ACTH levels, and com bined hypoxia with anesthesia produces similar results to those by hypoxia alone ( fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Ontogeny of Plasma, CSF and Brainstem ACTH in Piglets: Effects of Hypoxia and Anesthesia

et al. 1990

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This study was designed to assess the postnatal maturation of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels in piglets under basal conditions and in response to single, acute stressors. ACTH levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in a dorsal medullary slice containing the nucleus tractus solitarii (dmscNTS) of young and older piglets (1.5–6 and 35–43 days old, respectively) under the following experimental conditions: (1) normoxia (both groups); (2) hypoxia, 10% O₂/N₂ for > 30 min (both groups); (3) sham anesthesia, i.p. saline in normoxia (young group); (4) anesthesia, 25 mg/kg i.p. pentobarbital in normoxia (young group), and (5) anesthesia combined with hypoxia (young group). During normoxia, ACTH levels in young, as compared to older piglets, were higher in CSF (p < 0.01) and plasma (0.05 < p < 0.10) and not different in dmscNTS. Hypoxia produced no ACTH changes in CSF, increased ACTH in plasma of young (p = 0.03) and older piglets (p = 0.09), and decreased ACTH in dmscNTS of older (p = 0.01) and young piglets (p = 0.07). As compared to sham anesthesia, anesthesia did not alter any ACTH levels. Combined hypoxia and anesthesia increased ACTH levels in plasma when compared to normoxia (p < 0.05), sham anesthesia (p < 0.05) or anesthesia alone (p < 0.05), but not when compared to hypoxia alone. We conclude that neonatal swine have high basal ACTH levels and mount significant plasma ACTH responses to a single, acute hypoxic stressor. The presence of ACTH in the region of the NTS supports its possible role as a neuromodulator in the brain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Ontogeny of Plasma, CSF and Brainstem ACTH in Piglets: Effects of Hypoxia and Anesthesia

et al. 1990

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“…§1734 solely to indicate this fact. component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which serves as the primary endocrine response of mammalian organisms to stress (10)(11)(12). Hypothalamic CRF release increases HPA axis activity by stimulating secretion of corticotropin [also called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)] and other pro-opiomelanocortin products from the anterior pituitary gland and, therefore, ultimately the secretion of cortisol, the major circulating glucocorticoid in primates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders.

Coplan

Andrews

Rosenblum

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

575

370

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There is increasing evidence for an important role of adverse early experience on the development of major psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF), an endogenous neuropeptide, is the primary physiological regulator of the mammalian stress response. Grown nonhuman primates who were exposed as infants to adverse early rearing conditions were studied to determine if long-term alterations of CRF neuronal systems had occurred following the early stressor. In comparison to monkeys reared by mothers foraging under predictable conditions, infant monkeys raised by mothers foraging under unpredictable conditions exhibited persistently elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CRF. Because hyperactivity of CRF-releasing neurons has been implicated in the pathophysiology of certain human affective and anxiety disorders, the present finding provides a potential neurobiological mechanism by which early-life stressors may contribute to adult psychopathology.Considerable evidence from genetic, neurochemical, pharmacological, and neuroanatomical studies obtained over the past three decades supports a biological basis for many of the major neuropsychiatric disorders (1). Prior to the modern era of biological psychiatry, psychoanalytic theory pioneered by Freud prevailed. Freud's theories emphasized the importance of early rearing conflicts in the pathogenesis of adult psychopathology (2). More recent studies indicate that psychosocial factors, including abuse and neglect in early life as well as untoward life events in adulthood, contribute to the development of mood and anxiety disorders (3, 4). An integration of biological and developmental approaches may illuminate further the role of adverse early life experience on subsequent neurodevelopment. Using random-assignment study designs, nonhuman primate models of psychopathology, produced by an unpredictable early rearing environment, provide for the experimental exclusion of genetic influences on development, a strategy rarely feasible in humans (5-9).The present study presents evidence for persistent hyperactivity of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-releasing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of grown nonhuman primates who, as infants, were reared by mothers exposed to environmental unpredictability. A neurochemically based hypothesis is proposed whereby emotionally adverse early experiences may antecede psychiatric disorders through the induction of persistently elevated neuronal release of CRF.The CRF-containing parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) represent the cephalicThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which serves as the primary endocrine response of mammalian organisms to stress (10-12). Hypothalamic CRF release increases HPA axis activity by ...

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“…While plasma cortisol levels have been used as an objective indicator for the quantification of stress in cows, endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) have been shown to regulate hypothalamopituitary-adrenal functions in cattle [1]. Plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin (β-EP), one of the EOP, have been reported to be elevated in response to a variety of forms of stress including electric foot-shock, forced swimming, surgery, hemorrhage, and hypoglycemia in rats, sheep and pigs [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In women stress of labor and delivery produces a substantial increase in maternal plasma level of β-EP [10][11][12][13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dystocia, Retained Placenta and Body Condition on Plasma .BETA.-Endorphin Profile in Periparturient Dairy Cows.

Osawa

Nakao

Moriyoshi

et al. 2000

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. The aims of this study were to determine profiles of plasma immunoreactive β-endorphin (ir-β-EP) during peripartum period in dairy cows, and to examine whether dystocia, retained placenta or body condition affects the plasma ir-β-EP level. Blood samples were collected from 21 Holstein-Friesian cows from day 180 of pregnancy until first ovulation. The cows were classified into two groups based on calving conditions and ir-β-EP patterns at parturition. Seven out of the 21 cows had normal parturition and 14 cows had abnormal parturition (dystocia and/or retained placenta). The proportion of cows which had ir-β-EP elevation at parturition tended to be higher in cows with abnormal parturition (11/14; 79%) than in those with normal parturition (3/7; 42%). Plasma cortisol level increased at parturition both in cows with ir-β-EP elevation and in cows without ir-β-EP elevation at parturition. Postpartum ir-β-EP concentrations in plasma were similar between cows with normal parturition and those with abnormal parturition, and between cows which had lost their body condition score (BCS) after calving and those which had maintained their BCS. In conclusion, abnormal parturition may affect plasma ir-β-EP level at parturition but not postpartum period.

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Effects of Acute Behavioral Stress on Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid ACTH and β-Endorphin in Rhesus Monkeys

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

Ontogeny of Plasma, CSF and Brainstem ACTH in Piglets: Effects of Hypoxia and Anesthesia

Ontogeny of Plasma, CSF and Brainstem ACTH in Piglets: Effects of Hypoxia and Anesthesia

Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders.

Effects of Dystocia, Retained Placenta and Body Condition on Plasma .BETA.-Endorphin Profile in Periparturient Dairy Cows.

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