Effects of acute hyperglycaemia stress on indices of glucose metabolism and glucose transporter genes expression in cobia ( Rachycentron canadum )

Abstract

Plant protein sources are ideal alternatives to meet the rapidly growing demand for fishmeal in aquaculture (Hardy, 2010). However, the changing trends in fish feed formulation with progressively higher inclusion levels of plant ingredients will invariably introduce more carbohydrates, necessitating coping strategies in fish (Kamalam, Medale, & Panserat, 2017;Stone, 2003). As the cheapest source of energy for animal diets, the optimal inclusion of carbohydrates in farmed fish diets can promote fish growth with protein-sparing effect, reduce the nitrogen load of the discharged farm and support lower feed costs for economic gain (Hillestad, Johnsen, & Åsgård,