Effects of Adding Intrathecal Epinephrine to Spinal Anesthesia on Anesthesia-Related Cesarean Delivery Outcomes: Should We Reconsider Its Use?

Abstract

Background: Intrathecal epinephrine is used to increase the duration of spinal anesthesia for amenable surgical procedures anticipated to require additional time; however, in the ambulatory setting, it is associated with a prolonged time to post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge. The current study's authors hypothesized that adding intrathecal epinephrine to spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery would be associated with a dose-dependent prolonged post-anesthesia unit length of stay. Methods: A single-center, retrospective study of patients undergoing repeat cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia from 2011 to 2015 was conducted. Patients received spinal bupivacaine 12 mg, morphine 150 mcg, and fentanyl 15 mcg with no-epinephrine, 100 mcg, or 200 mcg of epinephrine. The primary outcome was recovery room length of stay. Secondary outcomes were surgical duration, intraoperative vasopressor use, perioperative opioids, and antiemetic use. Results: Data were analyzed for 1,362 patients. Median recovery room stay was 123 min (interquartile range, 100 to 150) and was not different among groups. More women receiving epinephrine 200 mcg had ≥2 prior cesarean deliveries compared with no-epinephrine or 100 mcg. No significant differences in surgical duration or intraoperative opioids were identified among the groups. Median intraoperative vasopressor use was increased by 225 mcg of phenylephrine equivalents (99% CI, 25 mcg to 430 mcg) in the 100 mcg group and 250 mcg of phenylephrine equivalents in the 200 mcg group (99% CI, 75 mcg to 500 mcg) compared to no-epinephrine ( P <0.001). Recovery room antiemetic and opioid analgesic administration were not different among groups. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the addition of intrathecal epinephrine for women undergoing cesarean delivery increases intraoperative vasopressor use but does not prolong PACU length of stay, reduce intraoperative opioids, or increase antiemetic requirements postoperatively. The current study also demonstrated that surgical duration times were not different among the no-epinephrine, 100 mcg, and 200 mcg epinephrine groups.