Effects of Additives on ε‐HNIW Crystal Morphology and Impact Sensitivity

Chen, Huaxiong; Li, Lijie; Jin, Shaohua; Chen, Shusen; Jiao, Qingze

doi:10.1002/prep.201000014

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Improved insensitivity to impact of ε-C-20 particles with smooth surface and homogeneous morphology with mean particle size of 9.1 µm has been reported by Elbeih et al 18 The friction sensitivity of the ε-CL-20 crystals with particle size 80-200 µm obtained using different solvent-nonsolvent systems were studied by Szczygielska et al 19 Reduced sensitivity (RS) ε-CL-20 is always desired to ensure safe handling by the end users, stability to accidental initiation under processing operations, storage and transport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing Crystal Growth of ε- and α-CL-20 Polymorphs via Metastable Phase Transition Using Microscopy and Vibrational Spectroscopy

Ghosh

Venkatesan

Mandave

et al. 2014

Crystal Growth & Design

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This article presents the evidence of possible route to the formation of ε-and α-polymorphic phases of 2, 4,6,8,10,4,6,8,10, studied through CL-20 solution using reverse and normal precipitation method. Reverse precipitation with instant addition facilitated with the opportunity to track the crystal phases from their immediate formation to end of phase stabilization. Precipitation under apparent conditions to achieve α-or ε-phases, showed initial occurrence of metastable β-phase and subsequent transformation to the intended stable phases. The β-phase showed sufficiently longer stability while under specified conditions for ε-than in a hydrated medium set to obtain the α-phase.Transformation of fine needle shaped β-CL-20 crystals to uniform diamond shaped α-or bipyramidal ε-habit had been observed to pass through an equilibrium state of dissolution and reprecipitation. This work also elaborates the effect of crystallization methodology on conversion time. Vibrational spectroscopy and microscopic techniques were employed to track the time dependent polymorphic conversions. Drastic reduction in β → ε conversion time, from 160 minutes to 10 minutes could have been affected by using ultra dispersed seed crystals. We thus also demonstrated a hazard free non-grinding method to prepare ε-CL-20 with particle size <10 µm through precipitation and their effect on thermal stability & mechanical sensitivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing Crystal Growth of ε- and α-CL-20 Polymorphs via Metastable Phase Transition Using Microscopy and Vibrational Spectroscopy

Ghosh

Venkatesan

Mandave

et al. 2014

Crystal Growth & Design

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“…Aspect ratio, which refers to the length-to-width ratio, is a parameter commonly used to characterize the degree of sphericity of particles [27]. The aspect ratios for crystal habits of RDX provided by the morphology calculations are listed in Table 5.…”

Section: Aspect Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The growth morphology method is able to predict the shape and morphology of a crystal accurately because it takes the energy of the system into account [27]. The MD simulation for an interfacial structure including the crystal surface and the additive molecule provides a precise way of evaluating the effect of additives on the crystals during the crystallization process [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation into the Effects of Additives on Crystal Characteristics and Impact Sensitivity of RDX

Wang

Chen

Yan-yue

et al. 2013

Journal of Energetic Materials

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Additives are one of the most important factors that greatly affect the crystal characteristics of the high energy compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-s-triazine (RDX, C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 ) and they have an influence on impact sensitivity. In this article, a growth morphology method was applied to obtain the crystal habit of RDX in a vacuum as well as the morphologically important faces, and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to calculate the interaction energy between these crystal faces and additive molecules for prediction of the additive-effect crystal habits of RDX. On this basis, crystal characteristics including crystal morphology, aspect ratio, and total surface charge were investigated. Then the particle size and surface electrostatic voltage of the samples from recrystallization were analyzed experimentally. The impact sensitivity test indicated that acrylamide, which could enhance the regularity and degree of sphericity of RDX crystals and effectively reduce the surface static electricity of RDX, was successful in reducing the impact sensitivity of RDX as an additive for crystallization. The above experimental results were in good agreement with the conclusions based on the theoretical calculations.

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“…However, the application of HEDMs has been stymied by the inherent safety-power contradiction of these materials. Methods such as improving the crystal quality (Chen et al, 2012) and mixing with desensitizer (Zhang et al, 2014) have been attempted with the aim of balancing this contradiction. Although these methods have had some achievements, shortcomings still exist, such as energy loss and low applicability (Sun et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, preparation, characterization and formation mechanism of a novel kinetic CL-20-based cocrystal

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2019

Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater

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2,4,6,8,10,-based cocrystals have gained increasing attention as a means of obtaining insensitive high explosives. However, the design of ideal candidates for these cocrystals remains difficult. This work compares the crystal energies of the CL-20-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) cocrystals with those of the respective pure coformers. The results indicate that the cocrystal formation is driven by the differences in the energies of the cocrystals and the coformers. Furthermore, analysis via Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional fingerprint plots confirms that the OÁ Á ÁO, OÁ Á ÁH, OÁ Á ÁN and CÁ Á ÁO interactions were the main force for stabilizing the CL-20-based cocrystal structure. Based on these findings, a novel energetic-energetic cocrystal of CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) was designed and prepared by means of a rapid method for solvent removal. The crystal structure was investigated via powder X-ray diffraction methods, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that the O-HÁ Á ÁO hydrogen bonding interaction between the phenolic hydroxyl group of TNP and nitro groups of CL-20, as well as nitroÁ Á Á, nitroÁ Á Ánitro and O NO2 Á Á Á(N) NO2 interactions, based on the benzene ring and nitro groups, are the main interactions occurring in the cocrystal.

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Effects of Additives on ε‐HNIW Crystal Morphology and Impact Sensitivity

Cited by 60 publications

References 24 publications

Probing Crystal Growth of ε- and α-CL-20 Polymorphs via Metastable Phase Transition Using Microscopy and Vibrational Spectroscopy

Probing Crystal Growth of ε- and α-CL-20 Polymorphs via Metastable Phase Transition Using Microscopy and Vibrational Spectroscopy

An Investigation into the Effects of Additives on Crystal Characteristics and Impact Sensitivity of RDX

Design, preparation, characterization and formation mechanism of a novel kinetic CL-20-based cocrystal

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