Effects of Adequate Iodine Supply on the Incidence of Iodine-Induced Thyroid Disorders in Slovenia

Bajuk, Vid; Zaletel, Katja; Pirnat, Edvard; Hojker, Sergej; Gaberšček, Simona

doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0186

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Even small increases in iodine intake are associated with a small increase in the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism, particularly if the iodine intake increases from deficient to more than adequate within a short time. In a hospital‐based retrospective study of 885 Slovenian adults, an increase in the incidence of iodine‐induced hypothyroidism was observed from 5% in 2 years before to 20% in 10 years following a mandatory increase in salt iodization levels from 10 to 25 mg/kg in 1999 …”

Section: Thyroid Disorders Associated With Iodine Excessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a hospital-based retrospective study of 885 Slovenian adults, an increase in the incidence of iodine-induced hypothyroidism was observed from 5% in 2 years before to 20% in 10 years following a mandatory increase in salt iodization levels from 10 to 25 mg/kg in 1999. 139 The development of hypothyroidism following chronic excess iodine exposure may be due to increased thyroid autoimmunity, the presence of elevated antithyroid antibodies. 57,130,140 Thyroid autoimmunity Excessive iodine consumption has been widely described as a risk factor for the development of thyroid autoimmunity.…”

Section: Hypothyroidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Farebrother

Zimmermann

Andersson

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

202

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. High iodine intakes are well tolerated by most healthy individuals, but in some people, excess iodine intakes may precipitate hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, and/or thyroid autoimmunity. Individuals with preexisting thyroid disease or those previously exposed to iodine deficiency may be more susceptible to thyroid disorders due to an increase in iodine intake, in some cases at intakes only slightly above physiological needs. Thyroid dysfunction due to excess iodine intake is usually mild and transient, but iodine‐induced hyperthyroidism can be life‐threatening in some individuals. At the population level, excess iodine intakes may arise from consumption of overiodized salt, drinking water, animal milk rich in iodine, certain seaweeds, iodine‐containing dietary supplements, and from a combination of these sources. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of a population reflects the total iodine intake from all sources and can accurately identify populations with excessive iodine intakes. Our review describes the association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function. We outline potential sources of excess iodine intake and the physiological responses and consequences of excess iodine intakes. We provide guidance on choice of biomarkers to assess iodine intake, with an emphasis on the UIC and thyroglobulin.

show abstract

Section: Thyroid Disorders Associated With Iodine Excessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothyroidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Farebrother

Zimmermann

Andersson

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

202

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In Slovenia, iodine increased from 10 to 25 mg of potassium iodide per kg of salt in 1999. Thyroid epidemiology was observed over the successive years, up to 2014: although diffuse goiter and hyperthyroidism incidence decreased (the latter with a higher proportion of subclinical cases than in the past), no long-term changes were observed for GD, while the incidence of TMNG and solitary nodule transiently increased or remained unchanged ( 25 , 26 , 27 ). Study design, population’s characteristics (the most important being age), observation periods, and the combination between the entity of the iodine deficiency and the strategy of iodine prophylaxis campaign could all play a role in the heterogeneity of these results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperthyroidism incidence in a large population-based study in northeastern Italy

Censi,

Salmaso,

Ceccato

et al. 2023

Endocrine Connections

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: an improvement in iodine status in Veneto region has been documented in the last decade. We aimed at estimating the incidence of hyperthyroidism in the Veneto region (Italy) over the period 2013-2022. Methods: retrospective population-based study conducted in Veneto (4.9 million people) using the population registry, an administrative health database. Between 2012 and 2022, hyperthyroidism incidence was defined thank to a healthcare co-payment exemption for hyperthyroidism or any hospital diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Incident hyperthyroidism was defined from 2013 to 2022 to exclude prevalent cases. Standardized incidence rates (IR) were reported by age, sex and etiology of thyroid hyperfunction too. Results: we identified 26,602 incident cases (IR of 54.38 per 100,000 person-years, 2.47-fold higher in females than in males). IR decreased from 69.87 (95%CI, 67.49, 72.25) in 2013 to 42.83 (95%CI, 40.99, 44.66) in 2022. In 2020, an out-of-trend decrease in hyperthyroidism incidence was documented, corresponding to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak, with a realignment to the trend in the subsequent years. The annual percentage change according to the cause of hyperthyroidism was as follows: -6.62% (95%CI, 8.47, 4.73) (P<0.0001) in toxic multinodular goiter, -7.56% in toxic uninodular goiter (95%CI, 10.54, 4.48) (P<0.001) and -4.70% (95%CI, 6.33, 3.04) in toxic diffuse goiter (Graves’ disease) (P<0.001). Conclusions: we documented a decline in the incidence of hyperthyroidism in the Veneto region, paralleling the improvement of the iodine status, thanks to a long and sustained iodine prophylaxis campaign. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and vaccination campaign did not change the declining trend of hyperthyroidism incidence in our region.

show abstract

“…Koukkou et al concluded that excessive iodine intake might contribute to excessive thyroid hormone synthesis and release, inducing autonomic thyroid function and increasing the risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in those living in abundant iodine areas [ 37 ]. Bajuk et al have reported that high iodine intake reduced the incidence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in Slovakians ( P < 0.001) [ 38 ]. Park et al have demonstrated that excessive iodine intake did not affect hyperthyroidism in a Korean cohort [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Polygenetic Risk Scores Related to Immunity and Inflammation with Hyperthyroidism Risk and Interactions between the Polygenetic Scores and Dietary Factors in a Large Cohort

Song

Park

2021

Journal of Thyroid Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Graves’s disease and thyroiditis induce hyperthyroidism, the causes of which remain unclear, although they are involved with genetic and environmental factors. We aimed to evaluate polygenetic variants for hyperthyroidism risk and their interaction with metabolic parameters and nutritional intakes in an urban hospital-based cohort. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of participants with (cases; n = 842) and without (controls, n = 38,799) hyperthyroidism was used to identify and select genetic variants. In clinical and lifestyle interaction with PRS, 312 participants cured of hyperthyroidism were excluded. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with gene-gene interactions were selected by hyperthyroidism generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were generated by summing the numbers of selected SNP risk alleles. The best gene-gene interaction model included tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)_rs1800610, mucin 22 (MUC22)_rs1304322089, tribbles pseudokinase 2 (TRIB2)_rs1881145, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)_rs231775, lipoma-preferred partner (LPP)_rs6780858, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-J_ rs767861647. The PRS of the best model was positively associated with hyperthyroidism risk by 1.939-fold (1.317–2.854) after adjusting for covariates. PRSs interacted with age, metabolic syndrome, and dietary inflammatory index (DII), while hyperthyroidism risk interacted with energy, calcium, seaweed, milk, and coffee intake ( P < 0.05 ). The PRS impact on hyperthyroidism risk was observed in younger (<55 years) participants and adults without metabolic syndrome. PRSs were positively associated with hyperthyroidism risk in participants with low dietary intakes of energy (OR = 2.74), calcium (OR = 2.84), seaweed (OR = 3.43), milk (OR = 2.91), coffee (OR = 2.44), and DII (OR = 3.45). In conclusion, adults with high PRS involved in inflammation and immunity had a high hyperthyroidism risk exacerbated under low intakes of energy, calcium, seaweed, milk, or coffee. These results can be applied to personalized nutrition in a clinical setting.

show abstract

Effects of Adequate Iodine Supply on the Incidence of Iodine-Induced Thyroid Disorders in Slovenia

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Hyperthyroidism incidence in a large population-based study in northeastern Italy

Association of Polygenetic Risk Scores Related to Immunity and Inflammation with Hyperthyroidism Risk and Interactions between the Polygenetic Scores and Dietary Factors in a Large Cohort

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About