Effects of Age and Gender on Toe Flexor Muscle Strength

Endo, M; Ashton‐Miller, James A.; Alexander, Neil B.

doi:10.1093/gerona/57.6.m392

Cited by 137 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Several researchers have reported associations between toe function, including toe flexor strength, and balance [1,4] and walking [2,3] in adults, as previously mentioned. Various reports have also indicated that reduced toe flexor strength is an important risk factor for falls among elderly individuals [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

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Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

Uritani¹,

Fukumoto²,

Matsumoto³

et al. 2017

Clin Res Foot Ankle

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Objective: To evaluate the association between Toe grip strength (TGS) and physical performance among preschool children in Japan.Methods: TGS was evaluated in 338 preschool children (178 boys, 160 girls), 4-6 years of age. The following physical performance tests were measured: hand grip strength (HGS), 25-m sprint run, 5-m shuttle run, standing long jump, and tennis ball throw, were measured. Participants were divided into five age groups of 6-month intervals, from the early 4-years-old group (48-53 months) to the early 6-years-old group (72-78 months). TGS was analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance, with a post-hoc test to assess between-sex differences and age-related changes. Associations between TGS and descriptive characteristics and physical performance were assessed using multivariate linear regression analysis.Results: TGS increased with development, being significantly greater in the early 6-years-old group than in the early and late 4-years-old group and early 5-years-old group. There was no between-sex difference in TGS within the same age group. TGS was associated with age in months and weight, but not with sex and height. TGS was also significantly associated with the 25-m sprint run, 5-m shuttle run and standing long jump performance, regardless of age, anthropometrics and HGS, in both sex, with the exception of the 5-m shuttle run in boys.Conclusion: TGS increased with age and was associated with enhanced lower-limb physical performance among preschool children and could provide a useful predictor of physical performance in this population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Toe function influences physical performance among adults [1][2][3][4], with toe flexor strength decreasing with aging [1,5,6]. However, although toe flexor strength has been reported in various studies, it has not been measured using a standardized method, such as hand grip strength (HGS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

Uritani¹,

Fukumoto²,

Matsumoto³

et al. 2017

Clin Res Foot Ankle

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“…Previous research using a pressure platform showed that older people had 32% less plantar flexion strength of the hallux and 27% less plantar flexion strength of the lesser toes than younger people 14) . Toe flexor muscle strength decreases significantly with age 26) . Previous studies have compared toe plantar flexor strength between older and younger persons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Many researchers have tried to measure toe strength quantitatively. Endo et al 26) and Mickle et al 29) used a force plate to determine the ground reaction force, and Menz et al 14) and Nihal et al 30) used a pressure sensor and a paper-grip test to estimate toe strength. Other researchers have measured the total toe flexor muscle strength using a dynamometer 31,32) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies found that toe plantar flexor strength was related to the FRT value. Endo et al 26) reported a correlation between the toe flexor isometric muscle strength and the functional toe length as a functional reach task, which was defined as the 'maximum distance that the subject could move the center of ground reaction force forward of the first metatarsophalangeal joint'. Kozak et al 33) also stated that greater toe flexor muscle strength will increase the force under the distal phalanx of each toe, especially the long toes, so that the center of pressure can be moved toward the metatarsophalangeal joint.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Toe Plantar Flexors Strength and Balancing Ability between Elderly Fallers and Non-fallers

et al. 2011

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Abstract.[Purpose] We compared the differences in individual toe flexor muscle strength and balancing ability between elderly fallers and non-fallers and determined the correlation between individual toe flexor muscle strength and the functional reach test (FRT).[Subjects] Thirty community-dwelling older adults (15 fallers and 15 age-and sexmatched non-fallers) between 65 and 83 years of age participated in this study.[Method] Individual toe flexor muscle strength was measured using a dynamometer, and balance ability was assessed with the FRT, Berg balance scale, and a sensory organization test (SOT).[Results] The hallux and second toe flexor muscle strengths in the non-faller group were significantly stronger bilaterally than those in the faller group, whereas no significant differences in the third and fourth toe flexor muscle strengths were found. The individual toe plantar flexor muscle strengths were moderately correlated with FRT(r = 0.489-0.765). The non-faller group showed significantly greater balance ability in the FRT and SOT than the faller group.[Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that the force-generating capability of the hallux and second toe flexor muscle are related to the incidence of falls among elderly individuals.

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The effect of wearing insoles with a toe-grip bar on occupational leg swelling and lower limb muscle activity: A randomized cross-over study

Nakano

Murata

Kai

et al. 2020

Journal of Occupational Health

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Objective Sitting or standing for hours decreases the blood flow in the legs and results in increased pressure on the veins, leading to the development of chronic venous disease. This study aimed to investigate the effects of insoles with a toe‐grip bar on occupational leg swelling and lower limb muscle activity. Methods This randomized cross‐over study enrolled 12 healthy men who work in a sitting or standing position. They were randomly divided into groups A (wore shoes with insoles with a toe‐grip bar for 8 hours each) and B (wore shoes with regular insoles for 8 hours each). After 1 week, groups A and B wore shoes with regular insoles and shoes with insoles with a toe‐grip bar, respectively, for 8 hours each. Lower leg volume was measured before and after each intervention, and lower limb muscle activity was measured at the start of each intervention. Results Occupational leg swelling was significantly smaller in men wearing insoles with a toe‐grip bar ( P < .05). Moreover, the integrated electromyogram value of the tibialis anterior muscle and medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles during the stance phase of walking, and tibialis anterior muscle during the swing phase of walking was significantly greater in men wearing insoles with a toe‐grip bar (all P < .05). Conclusion Insoles with a toe‐grip bar contribute to increased lower limb muscle activity, attenuating occupational leg swelling.

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Effects of Age and Gender on Toe Flexor Muscle Strength

Abstract: Toe flexor muscle strength decreased significantly with age. This decrement underlies the known age-related reduction in the functional base of support.

Cited by 137 publications

References 6 publications

Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

Association between Toe Grip Strength and Physical Performance Among Japanese Preschool Children

Comparison of Toe Plantar Flexors Strength and Balancing Ability between Elderly Fallers and Non-fallers

The effect of wearing insoles with a toe-grip bar on occupational leg swelling and lower limb muscle activity: A randomized cross-over study

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