Effects of age on the electroencephalographic response to castration in lambs anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen from birth to 6 weeks old

Johnson, Craig B.; Sylvester, Shauna P; Stafford, Kevin J.; Mitchinson, Sheryl L; Ward, R.N.; Mellor, D. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00448.x

Cited by 58 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…After intubation with a 8-mm cuffed endotracheal tube (TaperGuard™ Oral/Nasal Tracheal Tube, Covidien Limited, Dublin, Ireland), anaesthesia was maintained with inhalation of halothane (Piramal Healthcare Limited, Medak District, Telangana, India) in 100% oxygen delivered via a precision vaporizer and a circle breathing system (Cyprane TEC3 halothane anaesthesia vaporizer, UK), slaughtered and subsequently bled (Sabow et al, 2016;Johnson et al, 2009). Briefly, the vaporizer was adjusted to maintain the end tidal halothane (ETHal) between 0.95% and 1.0%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalographic responses to neck cut and exsanguination in minimally anaesthetized goats

Sabow¹,

Goh²,

Zulkifli³

et al. 2017

SA J. An. Sci.

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Conscious animals typically experience sensory (nociception) and emotional pain, whereas unconscious animals that were minimally anesthetized would experience minimal emotional pain. To determine whether 'silencing' the emotional component through a minimally anesthetized model would minimize stress response, and thus improve animal welfare, this study aimed at comparing changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) activities associated with possible noxious stimuli following neck-cut slaughter in conscious non-anesthetized versus minimally anaesthetized Boer cross-bred goats. Ten bucks were randomly assigned to two groups of five animals each, and subjected to neck-cut slaughter when fully conscious (HS) or under minimal anaesthesia (AS) and exsanguinated. The anaesthesia was induced with propofol (5 mg/kg) administered to effect by rapid injection into a cephalic vein and maintained with halothane in 100 % oxygen. Changes in the root mean square (RMS) for each of alpha, beta, delta and theta waves, median frequency (F50) and total power of the EEG (Ptot) were compared in each group before and after neck cut and between groups following treatments. Electroencephalographic parameters did not differ between goats that were fully conscious or slaughtered under minimal anaesthesia. These findings showed that the noxious stimuli from neck cut were present in both conscious and minimally anaesthetized goats. Most importantly, the presence of emotional pain and nociception did not affect the extent of electroencephalographic responses significantly compared with animals that were experiencing nociception only. ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalographic responses to neck cut and exsanguination in minimally anaesthetized goats

Sabow¹,

Goh²,

Zulkifli³

et al. 2017

SA J. An. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Attempts have also been made to measure and study pain in humans using an electroencephalogram (EEG) which can reflect changes in brain electrical activity (Michels et al 2011), and there is an increasing number of papers that describe the use of EEG in animals (Diesch et al 2009;Gibson et al 2009;Johnson et al 2009). However, EEG also has its own specific methodological and interpretative limitations.…”

Section: Clinical Responses To Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Landa¹

2012

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:In recent years more attention has been paid to the issue of pain in animals, particularly in association with increasing awareness of animal welfare. It is therefore necessary for veterinarians to be able recognise unambiguously whether an animal suffers from pain. Adult humans suffering from pain can more or less characterise their painful experiences, including the site and intensity of the pain. However, pain in animals is in some aspects more complex and it can be rather difficult to evaluate the seriousness and impact of painful events. Therefore, in animals we have to recognise the signs of pain according to indirect markers which involve behavioural, physiological and finally clinical responses. Moreover, in particular the behavioural changes associated with pain can be along with the general signs also species-specific, and hardly recognisable (and for an inexperienced observer seemingly unimportant) which makes pain assessment even more complicated. Therefore, the current review formulates definitions of pain, its classification and is focused on methods that may facilitate pain recognition in animals, which is crucial for an effective pain assessment and consequent effective pain management. The review combines recent knowledge with well proven facts concerning pain and furthermore also highlights the author's own research on pain assessment.

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“…55 An additional complication is that in newborn and young lambs, which are neurologically mature at birth, the EEG responded to noxious stimulation with desynchronization. 31,56 Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the causes of these differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalographic responses to tail clamping in anaesthetized rat pups

et al. 2009

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We investigated electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to tail clamping in lightly anaesthetized rat pups (5-22 days) in order to determine the ontogeny of EEG activity and at what age they may be capable of experiencing pain. Median frequency (F50) and spectral edge frequency (F95) of the power spectrum in the range of 1-30 Hz were determined before and after the application of a noxious stimulus and power spectra were compared by multivariate analysis. There was a postnatal increase in EEG power as, before clamping, pups aged 5-7 days exhibited isoelectric traces, whereas those aged 12-14 days and 21-22 days had intermittent EEG activity where the power in all frequencies was significantly lower at the former than at the latter age. Pups aged 5-7 days exhibited no EEG response to clamping in view of their isoelectric traces. Pups aged 12-14 days showed a significant decrease in F95 (P ¼ 0.002), whereas those aged 21-22 days showed highly significant reduction in F50 and F95 (P ¼ 0.028 and P , 0.001, respectively) as well as changes in EEG power of specific frequencies after clamping. The results and related literature suggest that rat pups aged 5-7 days and younger are not likely to perceive pain and that the ability to perceive pain develops gradually between postnatal ages 12-14 days and 21-22 days.

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Effects of age on the electroencephalographic response to castration in lambs anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen from birth to 6 weeks old

Cited by 58 publications

References 31 publications

Electroencephalographic responses to neck cut and exsanguination in minimally anaesthetized goats

Electroencephalographic responses to neck cut and exsanguination in minimally anaesthetized goats

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Electroencephalographic responses to tail clamping in anaesthetized rat pups

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