Effects of Agrochemicals on the Immune Systems of Earthworms

Bunn, K. E.; Thompson, Helen; Tarrant, K. A.

doi:10.1007/s001289900237

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…terrestris Goven et al (1993b) Bunn et al (1996) demonstrated a decline in the total immune activity (total immune activity is the combined ability to form rosettes and to phagocytose RRBC) of L terrestris following exposure to pesticides, including carbamates, organophosphorous compounds, azoles, and a few other pesticides (Bunn et al 1996). For Eisenia species exposed to PCB, responses similar to those for Lumbricus species have been observed ).…”

Section: Immunological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Biomarkers in Earthworms

Scott-Fordsmand¹,

Weeks²

2000

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Section: Immunological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Biomarkers in Earthworms

Scott-Fordsmand¹,

Weeks²

2000

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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“…In order to assess the potential of the earthworm immune response to TNT, another sublethal biomarker, the TIA was tested using immunological approaches described by others (Goven et al 1993, Bunn et al 1996. For this procedure, rabbit red blood cells were reconstituted with 10 ml of BSS before being left overnight to rehydrate prior to use.…”

Section: Tia Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impairment of the immune system can lead to increased susceptibility to infection, with potential lethal consequences; therefore immune system assays can be used as sublethal biomarkers to assess the non-speci®c immunotoxicity of environmental contaminants (Goven et al 1993(Goven et al , 1994. The total immune activity (TIA) assay has previously been used to characterize the e ects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and many pesticides (Goven et al 1993, Bunn et al 1996. This method consists of isolating coelomocytes from earthworms using invasive puncture or non-invasive extrusion (Eyamble et al 1991), and determining the number of cells that show an immune response after a 24 h incubation with rabbit erythrocytes (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of tissue and cellular biomarkers to assess 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposure in earthworms: effects-based assessment in laboratory studies usingEisenia andrei

et al. 2002

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The lysosomal neutral red retention time (NRRT) assay, a biomarker for lysosomal membrane stability, and the total immune activity (TIA) assay, a measure of non-specific immune system activity, were used in laboratory studies to assess the toxic effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in vivo. The results were compared with the concentration of TNT and its metabolites in earthworm tissue, as well as standard sublethal toxicity endpoints including growth (i.e. weight change) and reproduction effects from previously published studies. Filter paper experiments indicated a significant decrease in NRRT at >or=1.8 micro g TNT cm(-2), whereas sublethal (weight loss) and lethal effects to earthworms were detected at >or=3.5 and 7.1 micro g TNT cm(-2), respectively. Experiments in artificial soil showed that NRRT effects could be detected at lower TNT concentrations (>or=55 mg TNT kg(-1) soil dry weight) compared with other sublethal endpoints (effects on growth and reproduction). The TIA biomarker did not significantly respond to TNT. Copper (as CuSO4, filter paper contact tests) and 2-chloroacetamide (soil tests), which were used as reference toxicants, also decreased the NRRT. The use of the NRRT assay linked with tissue concentrations of TNT metabolites in earthworms was identified as a potentially appropriate biomarker approach for TNT exposure assessment under laboratory conditions and a novel tool for effects-based risk assessment.

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“…Portanto, concentrações elevadas de resíduos desse composto no solo poderiam comprometer a viabilidade da biota edáfica. Além dessas conseqüências, deve-se considerar o aparecimento, em longo prazo, de possíveis alterações morfofisiológicas e, ou, comportamentais, quando mantidas por longo período de tempo nesses ambientes, como detectado por ação de outros agrotóxicos (Bunn et al, 1996;Drewes, 1997). Zsombok et al (1997) …”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Ação de minhocas Eisenia foetida sobre a dissipação dos herbicidas simazina e paraquat aplicados no solo

Papini

Andréa

2004

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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RESUMOGeralmente, os herbicidas são aplicados diretamente no solo, razão pela qual entram em contato direto com organismos deste ambiente, dentre eles as minhocas, as quais pelo metabolismo podem agir sobre resíduos desses compostos. Tomando minhocas da espécie Eisenia foetida como exemplo, determinaram-se a dissipação dos 14 C-herbicidas (simazina e paraquat) e a bioacumulação destes compostos em seus tecidos, a partir de solo tratado com as concentrações recomendadas e, no caso do paraquat, também com concentrações superiores. Solo e minhocas foram analisados por extração com solventes e técnicas radiométricas, após 30 ou 90 dias de contato. As minhocas alteraram a dissipação do simazina, visto que houve 100 % de recuperação do radiocarbono na ausência de minhocas e 90 % na presença dos animais. Além disso, elas acumularam resíduos e, ou, metabólitos de simazina em seus tecidos, tendo-se detectado Fator de Bioacumulação (FB) de 1,45 e 1,17 após exposição ao solo tratado durante 30 e 90 dias, respectivamente. Por outro lado, a presença de minhocas não alterou o comportamento do herbicida paraquat aplicado ao solo, mas houve bioacumulação crescente de seus resíduos e, ou, metabólitos com o aumento da dose de tratamento (FB de 0,5; 3,2 e 5,5, respectivamente, nas concentrações recomendadas, 10 e 100 vezes superior).Termos de indexação: 14 C-simazina, 14 C-paraquat, persistência, bioacumulação.(1) Recebido para publicação em fevereiro de 2003 e aprovado em novembro de 2003. Auxílio FAPESP (99/00357-7).

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Effects of Agrochemicals on the Immune Systems of Earthworms

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

Biomarkers in Earthworms

Biomarkers in Earthworms

Evaluation of tissue and cellular biomarkers to assess 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposure in earthworms: effects-based assessment in laboratory studies usingEisenia andrei

Ação de minhocas Eisenia foetida sobre a dissipação dos herbicidas simazina e paraquat aplicados no solo

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