Effects of air pollutants on the weathering of stone cultural properties in Gyeongju

Abstract

The amount of pollutants from stationary sources of businesses classified into 1-3 type in Gyeongju was found to be 0.70 ton/yr for PM-10, 13.95 ton/yr for SO2, and 37.12 ton/yr for NOx ; with respect to area sources, 1.02 ton/yr for PM-10, 13.44 ton/yr for SO2, and 21.10 ton/yr for NOx ; and with respect to mobile sources 963.91 ton/yr for PM-10, 1415.02 ton/yr for SO2, and 5612.70 ton/yr for NOx. This study surveyed the concentration distribution of PM-10, SO2, and NO2 in the air in around Gyeongju and Pohang, and found that high concentration was mainly distributed around Pohang Steel Industrial Complex and the around of mobile sources. In Gyeongju area, SO2 was predicted to increase from 0.002 ppm in 2006 to 0.005 ppm in 2015, and that of NO2 was predicted to increase from 0.004 ppm to 0.010 ppm during the same period. At this point, practicing guidelines to reduce air pollutants and management plan for environmental pollutants should be devised, and also practicing and management programs to protect the stone cultural properties from environmental pollutants and other chemical, physical, and biological factors should be actively introduced.

The Characteristics of the Appearance and Health Risks of Volatile Organic Compounds in Industrial (Pohang, Ulsan) and Non-Industrial (Gyeongju) Areas

“…A hematological influence is usually caused when the human body is exposed to less than 100 ppm. Solvents, adhesives and detergents used in the home contain a small quantity of benzene, meaning that exposure to a high concentration would only result from poor handling and improper ventilation [ 1 , 2 , 4 ].…”

“…Also, more than 100 asthmatic patients per day for every 100,000 of the population in Japan are treated in hospital. The prevalence rates of asthma and atopy in Korea have been increasing, and the prevalence rate of asthma in primary and middle school student has increased more than 30% between 2002 and 2008 according to a report from the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease [ 4 , 8 , 9 ]. The result analyzed from health insurance payment data from 2002 to 2008 for patients with environmental diseases, such as atopy, asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic bronchitis, showed that the prevalence rates in 2008 had increased by 8.7% compared to those in 2007, with a 6.4% increase in the yearly average from 631 in 2002 to 1,034 in 2008 per 10,000 of the population.…”

“…Investigating the emerging features of VOCs as contaminants that are influential on national health is considered to be important [ 4 - 6 ]. Therefore, to identify hazardous factors, including the types and concentration of pollutants, found in air contaminants, which are influential to national health, is essential for the healthcare of the residents in that area.…”

Concentration and Distribution Characteristics of PM10in High Schools in the Ulsan Metropolitan Area

“…The acute and chronic effects of the PM 10 have a bad influence on human body, increasing the death rate of old people and persons who have cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. 14,15) Particulate matters in the air have a different influence on health depending on the chemical composition, and especially, the smaller the particle size the higher the probability for the particles to penetrate into the alveola sac.…”

Reuse of Waste Shells as a SO2/NOx Removal Sorbent

“…Not only in Korea but also worldwide consciousness of crisis over environmental pollution problems is spreading and especially countermeasures to solve the environmental pollution come into the limelight as concerns of the entire globe beyond any regions and nations. In the past, environmental pollutions including abnormal weather changes, global warming, El Nino, Ra Nina, ozone layer destruction, and marine pollution were issues of a limited area, but now they appear in fact as issues of the entire globe [Jung, 1999[Jung, , 2008.…”