Effects of AlCl3–1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid composition on transport properties

Optimization of Electrolytes for High-Performance Aqueous Aluminum-Ion Batteries

“…This suggests that the Mn is present as MnO 2 in both samples at the surface as well as in the bulk, i.e., similar HAXPES and XPS binding energy positions may indicate a homogeneous chemical state. 49 Note that we only take the peak position of Mn 2p 3/2 ; peak fitting of the first two transition-metal 2p core levels is challenging due to multiplet splitting effects caused by unpaired d-electrons [7]. The HAXPES and XPS data indicate that there is little or no change from the surface into the bulk of the material when the MnO 2 electrodes undergo charge−discharge process.…”

“…The Al negative electrode has been investigated in both primary and secondary cells employing either aqueous or nonaqueous electrolytes although none of the cells were commercialized to date . Of the electrolytes studied thus far at room temperature, the chloroaluminate ionic liquids are the electrolytes that support the reversible Al 3+ /Al electrochemistry with a high Coulombic efficiency (>99.5%). − A prototype “Al-ion battery” constructed using a chloroaluminate electrolyte, an Al foil negative electrode, and carbon-based cathodes showed stable ultrafast charge–discharge processes with a discharge voltage of ∼2.0 V and a specific capacity of ∼80 mAh g –1 . ,− The high cost, air sensitivity, and severe corrosiveness toward conventional current collectors/battery packing materials created complexity in battery design when using chloroaluminate electrolytes. In addition, the cell based on this electrolyte exhibited a low energy density due to ,, (i) the intercalation process involving only a one-electron ([AlCl 4 ] − ) transfer instead of intercalating Al 3+ through a three-electron-transfer process; (ii) a limitation due to a lack of suitable positive electrode materials that can accommodate the large [AlCl 4 ] − species with good capacity; and (iii) lack of sufficient electroactive reactant within the electrolyte ([AlCl 4 ] − and [Al 2 Cl 7 ] − ) that limits the capacity of the negative electrode as the anodic half-reaction requires eight Al atoms per three electrons instead of one Al atom per three electrons.…”

Impact of Aluminium Electrode Potential during Charging on Aluminium‐Ion Battery Performance with TEA‐AlCl3 Electrolyte

“…Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or from the author. Additional references cited within the Supporting Information [36–38] …”

Electrical conductivity and species distribution of aluminum chloride and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid electrolytes

“…The electrical conductivity of various ILs has been reported over the last few decades along with other physiochemical properties. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Among all of the ILs, imidazolium cation-based ILs have received a lot of research attention because of improved fluidity and conductivity. 27 Fannin et al 31 first systematically studied the density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of various 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chlorides and their binary mixture with AlCl 3 using a conductivity bridge.…”

“…Several researchers have reported the species of imidazolium-based chloroaluminates using Raman spectroscopy or Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). 35,36,39,40 A simple model was developed for chloroaluminate species profile for X AlCl 3 = 0 to 0.67. 41 In that model, the anions are Cl À and AlCl À 4 in the basic range (X AlCl 3 ⩽ 0.5) and AlCl À 4 and Al 2 Cl À 7 present in the acidic range (0.5 ⩽ X AlCl 3 ⩽ 0.67).…”