Effects of alcohol additives on pore structure and morphology of freeze-cast ceramics

A meta-analysis of the mechanical properties of ice-templated ceramics and metals

“…Color code: blue: no defects [26–31, 33, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 50–55, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 77, 78, 85, 90, 91, 94, 98, 100, 103–110, 113, 115, 118, 124–127, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 143], yellow: defects [25, 52, 86, 91, 96], white: cannot tell from the published micrographs [37, 39, 49, 56, 91, 95, 96, 119]. …”

“…References for the data: water [8, 12, 26, 27, 31, 33–38, 43–49, 51, 52, 55–61, 68, 69, 72–76, 81, 84, 86–92, 94–101, 103, 104, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 128–132, 134, 135], camphene [9, 29, 30, 42, 50, 64–67, 70, 80, 85, 93, 102, 105–109, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120–123, 125–127, 136], TBA [10, 32, 39–41, 53, 62, 63, 71, 77, 78, 82, 83, 110, 137]. The marker size is proportional to the pore size.…”

“…The papers analyzed cover a variety of materials including ceramics (alumina [8–11, 26, 28, 32, 36, 38, 43, 48, 54, 58, 77, 81, 89, 102, 104, 105, 111, 112, 131, 143], zirconia [49, 80, 100, 101, 103, 125–127], silicon carbide [45, 106, 130], silicon nitride [35, 69, 72, 75, 76, 79, 84, 87, 88, 128], mullite [90, 110, 124, 137], hydroxyapatite [12, 37, 44, 52, 61, 68, 78, 86, 91, 95–98, 107, 109, 113, 115, 120, 134, 135], tri-calcium phosphate [31, 40, 56, 117, 118], lead zirconate titanate (PZT) [39, 63, 74, 82, 83, 121, 122], barium titanate [73], silica/kaolinite [47], titania [24, 29, 50, 99], zirconium diboride [51], chromium carbide [42], sialon [64, 66], lithium iron phosphate [60], yttrium orthosilicate [57, 62], cermets [116, …”

Freeze‐cast yttria‐stabilized zirconia pore networks: Effects of alcohol additives

“…Porter et al 13 investigated the influence of IPA on the pore structure in freeze-cast titania and concluded that including IPA resulted in elongated ice crystals, perpendicular to the direction of ice growth, with finer surface features (although similar lamellar wavelengths), and decreased mechanical properties compared to samples without IPA. Zeng et al 14 examined the effect of ethanol and 1-propanol on slurry viscosity and compressive strength of alumina samples. Addition of these alcohols showed increased slurry viscosities, inhibiting the expulsion of ceramic particles from ice crystals, increasing resistance to ice growth, and ultimately decreasing lamellar wavelength.…”

“…13 Studies have also shown that addition of alcohols (ethanol and IPA) or glycerol to aqueous slurries also increases viscosity. 10,14 Despite that the liquid in the slurries were at a higher temperature than the equilibrium freezing temperature of the solution according to the phase diagrams, upon visual inspection the slurries appeared to freeze completely and did not melt or deform during demolding. The contrast between the water-alcohol phase diagrams and the observations made in the current study suggest that other interactions occurred to make the slurries behave as though they were completely frozen.…”