Effects of Alkali, Salts, and Surfactant on Rheological Behavior of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Solutions

Samanta, Abhijit; Bera, Achinta; Ojha, Keka; Mandal, Ajay

doi:10.1021/je100458a

Cited by 183 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Viscosity reduction was very pronounced at low salinities (0.1 wt % NaCl), but as the solution salinity increased, these changes became subdued. As discussed previously, the polymer coil shrinks by increasing NaCl concentration in the polymer solution [38][39][40]. Therefore, the addition of NaCl reduces the viscosity of the polyacrylamide solution significantly.…”

Section: Effect Of Nacl Concentration On the Polymer Viscositymentioning

confidence: 70%

Assessment of Polyacrylamide Based Co-Polymers Enhanced by Functional Group Modifications with Regards to Salinity and Hardness

et al. 2017

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Abstract:This research aims to test four new polymers for their stability under high salinity/high hardness conditions for their possible use in polymer flooding to improve oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. The four sulfonated based polyacrylamide co-polymers were FLOCOMB C7035; SUPERPUSHER SAV55; THERMOASSOCIATIF; and AN132 VHM which are basically sulfonated polyacrylamide copolymers of AM (acrylamide) with AMPS (2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonate). AN132 VHM has a molecular weight of 9-11 million Daltons with 32 mol % degree of sulfonation. SUPERPUSHER SAV55 mainly has about 35 mol % sulfonation degree and a molecular weight of 9-11 million Daltons. FLOCOMB C7035, in addition, has undergone post-hydrolysis step to increase polydispersity and molecular weight above 18 million Daltons but it has a sulfonation degree much lower than 32 mol %. THERMOASSOCIATIF has a molecular weight lower than 12 million Daltons and a medium sulfonation degree of around 32 mol %, and also contains LCST (lower critical solution temperature) type block, which is responsible for its thermoassociative characteristics. This paper discusses the rheological behavior of these polymers in aqueous solutions (100-4500 ppm) with NaCl (0.1-10 wt %) measured at 25 • C. The effect of hardness was investigated by preparing a CaCl 2 -NaCl solution of same ionic strength as the 5 wt % of NaCl. In summary, it can be concluded that the rheological behavior of the newly modified co-polymers was in general agreement to the existing polymers, except that THERMOASSOCIATIF polymers showed unique behavior, which could possibly make them a better candidate for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application in high salinity conditions. The other three polymers, on the other hand, are better candidates for EOR applications in reservoirs containing high divalent ions. These results are expected to be helpful in selecting and screening the polymers for an EOR application.

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Section: Effect Of Nacl Concentration On the Polymer Viscositymentioning

confidence: 70%

Assessment of Polyacrylamide Based Co-Polymers Enhanced by Functional Group Modifications with Regards to Salinity and Hardness

et al. 2017

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“…Surfactant often used together with alkali, or alkali and polymer in oil recovery (Deborah and Philip 1990;Ball and Surkalo 1990;Kang et al 2000;Samanta et al 2010). The reason is that the reaction between the alkali and naphthenic acids in the crude oil could generate soap; the soap and the added surfactants usually showed synergistic effects in reducing the interfacial tension (Rudin and Wasan 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of didodecylmethyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine and its evaluation for alkali-free flooding

Shi

Song²,

Ren

et al. 2014

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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In this paper, didodecylmethyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine was synthesized by reaction of didodecylmethyl amine with sodium 2-hydroxy-3-chloro propanesulfate. The interfacial tensions between Dagang crude oil and solution of the surfactants, solution of surfactant-polymer mixtures were measured. The effects of surfactant concentration and aging time on the interfacial tension were investigated. It is found that the synthesized betaine surfactant could reduce the interfacial tension to ultra-low without alkali, alcohol and the other additives in the absence of or presence of polymer. The surfactant-polymer system could lower the interfacial tension to ultra-low, even was aged for more than 2 weeks. The sand-pack flooding tests indicated that, with 0.2 wt% of the betaine and with 1,500 mg/L of polymer, 16.89 % of an additional OOIP (original oil in place) was recovered from a sand pack. This result suggested that the didodecylmethyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine might be a good surfactant candidate for enhanced oil recovery.

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“…This decrease reduced the intermolecular interactions resulting from increased thermal motion of molecules. 36,37 Thus, our UHMW-HPAM could cover a wide range of temperatures for polymer flooding in EOR. Figure 3(c) shows the steady shear viscosities at two different salt concentrations (0.5 and 3 wt% NaCl) at a polymer concentration of 3000 ppm and a reservoir temperature of 25 o C. Similar to the effects of concentration and temperature, the viscosity was strongly dependent on the salinity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of highly stable ultrahigh-molecular-weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide for enhanced oil recovery

Choi

Chung

et al. 2015

Macromol. Res.

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Polymers used in the polymer flooding technique for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) should improve rheological properties of water phase to improve sweep efficiency so that they are more widely applicable for use in oil fields. This study aimed to determine the molecular weight of a novel polymer, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), and to explore the effects of rheological properties of the polymer solution on its performance in EOR. The polymer was synthesized through vinyl polymerization using acrylic acid and acryl amide. To evaluate HPAM, several methods are used in this study. Field flow fractionation revealed that it had ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW; 7.330×10 6 Da absolute weight-average molecular weight). Results of rheological measurement showed that UHMW HPAM could be applied even at a concentration of 1000 ppm to achieve desired properties. Furthermore, UHMW HPAM showed viscoelastic behavior within a wide range of temperatures and salinities. Polymer flooding with UHMW HPAM recovered 4% more oil because of its high viscosity and molecular weight.

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Effects of Alkali, Salts, and Surfactant on Rheological Behavior of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Solutions

Cited by 183 publications

References 26 publications

Assessment of Polyacrylamide Based Co-Polymers Enhanced by Functional Group Modifications with Regards to Salinity and Hardness

Assessment of Polyacrylamide Based Co-Polymers Enhanced by Functional Group Modifications with Regards to Salinity and Hardness

Synthesis of didodecylmethyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine and its evaluation for alkali-free flooding

Evaluation of highly stable ultrahigh-molecular-weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide for enhanced oil recovery

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