Effects of Almix Herbicide on Metabolic Enzymes in Different Tissues of Three Teleostean Fishes Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis and Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract

Three Indian freshwater teleostean fishes Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis and Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to almix (66.67 mg/l) under laboratory condition for a period of 30 days to investigate the activity of transaminases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], and phosphatase [alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] in the gill, intestine, heart and muscle tissues. ALT levels showed significant elevation (p< 0.05) in all the fish tissues and highest activity (183.57%) was observed in gill of O. niloticus and lowest (122.01%) in muscle of O. niloticus. AST activity was also increased significantly (p< 0.05) in all test fishes. Highest AST activity (344.05%) was observed in heart of O. niloticus, while A. testudineus showed minimum activity (114.09%) in intestine. ALP activity increased significantly (p< 0.05) in all the fish species and was highest (289.02%) in intestine of H. fossilis and lowest (142.83%) in A. testudineus. Increased activity of these metabolic enzymes resulted into tissue damage which ultimately affected the fish health; it inferred the sensitivity of these enzymes to the almix herbicide toxicity in the order of O. niloticus > H. fossilis > A. testudineus. Therefore, assessment of these metabolic enzymes in tissue systems is important for evaluation of the herbicidal contamination like almix on fish species.

Effects of Almix® Herbicide on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Three Freshwater Teleostean Fishes in Natural Condition

“…In addition, different LPO level could reflect different antioxidant response of fish species to Almix ® toxicity. Similar trend of increased LPO level in liver, muscle, gill and brain of Leporinus obtusidens was reported by Miron and O. niloticus in natural condition, although very little work on biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glucose-6-phosphatase in different fish species were reported under the laboratory condition [33,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

“…Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a secondary TBARS product, (thiobarbituric acid reacting substances) produced during oxidative degradation of lipids and regarded as an indicator of biochemical toxicity of environmental contaminants [17]. A large number of studies regarding physiological and biochemical parameters in aquatic organisms mainly fish exposed to xenobiotic compounds are available [18,19] but very little work on Almix ® toxicity particularly on oxidative stress parameters in fish species were reported [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the toxicological responses of Almix ® herbicide on acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress parameter and antioxidant profile in three freshwater teleostean fishes namely Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis and Oreochromis niloticus.…”

Cytopathological Effects of Almix Herbicide on Gill, Liver and Kidney of Oreochromis niloticus under Field and Laboratory Conditions

“…Sublethal dose of 66.67 mg/L prepared and applied to the aquarium for a period of 30 days [17][18][19]. On every alternate day water was replaced and dose was applied.…”

Zebrafish in the Wild: Microhabitat Use by Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) from Karala River of Jalpaiguri District, Northern Bengal, India

“…Each aquarium contains 10 fish (40 L capacity). Treated aquarium exposed to single sub-lethal concentration of Almix i.e., 66.67 mg/l for a period of 30 days [13][14][15][16][17][18]. On every alternate day water was replaced and after water replacement dose was applied.…”

“…These biomarkers, in last few decades, have opened up a new vista in assessing the aquatic ecosystem toxicology as the fish alimentary canal are continuously being exposed during the digestion of ingested food stuff contaminated with xenobiotic substances directly through primary producer organisms. In last few years, a number of studies are available on biochemical, physiological and metabolic alterations of this herbicide in different fish species [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Regarding the pathological alterations through histological and ultrastructural observations of this herbicide on various organs in different fish species are scanty [19,20] as major advancement in science has been made in recent years.…”