Effects of aluminum on the reduction of neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus of D-galactose-treated mice via increasing oxidative stress

Abstract

Aluminum (Al) accumulation increases with aging, and long-term exposure to Al is regarded as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of Al and/or D-galactose on neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. AlCl3 (40 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered to C57BL/6J mice for 4 weeks. In addition, vehicle (physiological saline) or D-galactose (100 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to these mice immediately after AlCl3 treatment. Neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons were detected using the relevant marker for each cell type, including nestin, Ki67, doublecortin, and NeuN, respectively, via immunohistochemistry. Subchronic (4 weeks) exposure to Al in mice reduced neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts without causing any changes to mature neurons. This Al-induced reduction effect was exacerbated in D-galactose-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated adult mice. Moreover, exposure to Al enhanced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and expression of antioxidants such as Cu, Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase in D-galactose-treated mice. These results suggest that Al accelerates the reduction of neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts in D-galactose-treated mice via oxidative stress, without inducing loss in mature neurons.

Sildenafil ameliorates Alzheimer disease via the modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in rats

“…As a-synuclein level was significantly high in the cerebrospinal fluids in patients with AD, a-synuclein was considered an early pathophysiological event in the development of AD. 42,43 In the present study, sildenafil increased VEGF-A content and decreased immunoexpression of a-synuclein in brain areas. Increased VEGF-A is linked to neovascularization and increased tissue perfusion.…”

“…As α-synuclein level was significantly high in the cerebrospinal fluids in patients with AD, α-synuclein was considered an early pathophysiological event in the development of AD. 42,43…”

Aluminium chloride‐induced toxicity in zebrafish larvae

“…In other studies, it was shown that Al accelerates the reduction of neural stem cells, proliferating cells and differentiating neuroblasts (Nam et al . ). Previous experiments have also shown that aluminium accumulates both in neurons and astrocytes, causing in the latter major changes in the morphology including shrinkage of cell bodies and retraction of processes, also reducing astrocyte viability (Suárez‐Fernández et al .…”

Advances in fluorescent carbon dots for biomedical applications

“…Explicitly, the PL intensity of CDs exhibits good linearity in a broad concentration range of ions (linear detection region) and a low detection limit, meaning that ion concentrations of the order of 10 −7 and lower can be detected. Undoubtedly, one of the most interesting metal ions is Al 3+ because it is related to ageing [51], reduction of neural stem cells [51], high-risk factor for kidney damage [50,51], Alzheimer's [49,50] and Parkinson's diseases [49,50].…”