Effects of Ambient Parameters and Sample Width on Upward Flame Spread over Thermally Thin Solids

Zhao, Luyao; Fang, Jun; Tao, Shangqing; Wang, Jingwu; Zhang, Yongming

doi:10.1007/s10694-020-00987-x

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Furthermore, the base polymer type and flame retardant systems can uniquely impact both LOI values and UL 94 ratings. Since the upward flame spread over the samples is normally much faster than the downward spread, 80 the slight delay in the char formation resulted in increasing the burning time of the sample, and even the dripping and the cotton ignition in the UL 94 V tests. Therefore, rapid formation of an effective char layer is important for higher UL 94 V ratings 81 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of fly ash on thermal, combustion, and mechanical properties of polypropylene including intumescent flame retardant

Demiryuğuran,

Usta

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, a fly ash (FA), primarily composed of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and CaO, as a synergistic additive (1–5 wt%) was added to enhance the effectiveness of an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system (25 wt%) in polypropylene (PP). The composites were characterized by various tests to study thermal, combustion, and mechanical properties. Experimental results revealed that both IFR and IFR/FA additions led to early degradation at lower rates, with increased residual mass values. The thermal conductivity coefficient increased up to 16.9% with IFR/FA additions. While the sample containing only IFR met the UL 94 V‐0 requirements with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.0%, the addition of 1% and 2% FA satisfied the UL 94 V‐0 criteria with the LOI values of 32.8% and 34.9%, respectively. Cone calorimeter results indicated that IFR had significant positive impacts on the burning characteristics of PP. Furthermore, the incorporation of FA reinforced the char layer formed by IFR, thereby enhancing the fire resistances of the composites. Although the tensile strength and tensile modulus decreased with IFR addition, the Izod impact strength increased. Additionally, FA additions slightly improved the mechanical properties of PP/IFR composites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of fly ash on thermal, combustion, and mechanical properties of polypropylene including intumescent flame retardant

Demiryuğuran,

Usta

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…These studies largely focused on different fuel attributes (e.g. area density, 1,2 sample width), [2][3][4] ambient conditions (pressure, 3,5 oxygen concentration, 3,[5][6][7] flow speed), 5,6,8 flow confinement, 9,10 and sample inclination angle. 11,12 It was observed that upward flame spread under normal gravity is one of the most hazardous flame spread scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upward flame spread over discrete thin solids separated by heat-absorbing inert materials

Cui

Sharma

Liao

2023

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Flame spread over discrete solid fuels has been of key research interest in the past few decades. Most studies considered an array of discrete fuels separated by air gaps or heat-insulating inert materials. The effects of heat loss due to the discrete configuration are not well understood. The present study aims to bridge this knowledge gap. A series of experiments are performed using a vertical array of thin discrete fuels separated by heat-absorbing inert materials of different thicknesses. For comparisons, experiments are also performed using discrete fuels separated by air gaps and using continuous fuel. The flame base spread rate is found to be generally higher in discrete fuel than in continuous fuel configurations, due to a reduced fuel load per unit length. It is also found that the air and inert gaps have opposite effects on the solid burning rates. The air gaps break the no-slip boundary, allowing the laterally entrained buoyancy flow (normal to the sample surface) to push the flame closer to the samples. This leads to an enhanced heat flux on the sample surface and an increased solid burning rate. On the other hand, the inert materials retain the flow boundary profile and act as a heat sink during flame spread, thereby reducing the solid burning rate. As the inert thickness increases, flame spread rate and solid burning rate decrease. Based on these observations, an existing model for flame spread rate is updated by incorporating the heat-absorbing effects of the gaps. The correlation is validated using the experimental data.

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Experimental Dimension and Boundary Analysis of Upward Flame Spread Over U-Shaped Facade in Energy-Saving Building Fires

Chen,

Nie,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Fire Technol

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Effects of Ambient Parameters and Sample Width on Upward Flame Spread over Thermally Thin Solids

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Synergistic effects of fly ash on thermal, combustion, and mechanical properties of polypropylene including intumescent flame retardant

Synergistic effects of fly ash on thermal, combustion, and mechanical properties of polypropylene including intumescent flame retardant

Upward flame spread over discrete thin solids separated by heat-absorbing inert materials

Experimental Dimension and Boundary Analysis of Upward Flame Spread Over U-Shaped Facade in Energy-Saving Building Fires

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