Effects of AMF Compound Inoculants on Growth, Ion Homeostasis, and Salt Tolerance-Related Gene Expression in Oryza sativa L. Under Salt Treatments

Abstract

Increased soil salinization is among the main factors that limits safe rice production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to alleviate the toxic effects of salt stress in plants. However, more studies on AMF combined with other functional microorganisms are needed to further improve salt tolerance in rice. Therefore, the compound inoculum Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) together with two functional microorganisms, Piriformospora indica (Pi) and Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Ar) was evaluated for their effect on the rice growth, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, ion homeostasis, and the expression of salt tolerance-related genes under 0, 80, 120 and 160 mM salt stress conditions. The results showed that: (1) the rice seedling biomass of the AMF compound inoculant treatment group was significantly higher than that of the non-inoculation treatment group (P < 0.05); (2) under NaCl stress, inoculation with AMF compound inoculants can activate the rice antioxidant enzyme system and improve osmoregulation ability; (3) AMF compound inoculants can increase the concentration of K+ in the plant and inhibit the transfer of Na+ to rice leaves, maintaining a high K+/Na+; and (4) AMF compound inoculants could induce and regulate the overexpression of genes related to salt tolerance, photosynthesis and ion homeostasis in rice, and improve the tolerance of rice under salt stress. Our study showed that AMF compound inoculants could improve the adaptability of rice under NaCl stress and promote plant growth by regulating the photosynthetic gas exchange parameter, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability, and ion homeostasis of plants. These results suggest that AMF compound inoculants may play an important role in improving rice productivity in salinized soil. Graphical Abstract

Rhizophagus irregularis combined with biochar can improve the saline-alkali tolerance and energy quality of switchgrass through osmoregulation and salt- tolerance gene expression

“…It involves critical processes such as cell osmoregulation, maintaining membrane stability, regulating enzyme activity, and stress signal transduction (Mariyam et al, 2023). Related studies have shown that saline-alkali stress can inhibit Ca 2+ uptake and transport to plant roots, inducing a lower Ca 2+ /Na + ratio (Zhang et al, 2023). In this study, Ri combined with biochar signi cantly promoted Ca 2+ accumulation in switchgrass leaves and roots and increased the Ca 2+ /Na + ratio.…”

Steaming Maintains Fatty Acids, Antioxidants, and Proximate Content in Snack Bar Products from Cocoa Beans

“…Oleic acid in the steaming treatment was higher than that without the steaming treatment. The increase in oleic acid content can be caused by the release of fatty acids from cells damaged by high-temperature treatment [ 29 ]. In addition, 100–110°C temperatures will induce hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to produce free fatty acids [ 30 ].…”

Effects of the synergistic treatments of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trehalose on adaptability to salt stress in tomato seedlings

“…The activity of antioxidant enzymes is closely related to plant stress resistance and reflects the changes in plant metabolism over a certain period. Antioxidant enzymes protect plants to resist external aggression ( 55 ), which mainly include SOD, POD, and CAT. The expression of antioxidant enzymes is commonly induced by salt stress ( 4 , 56 ).…”