Effects of an iron-based fuel-borne catalyst and a diesel particle filter on exhaust toxicity in lung cells in vitro

Abstract

Metal-containing fuel additives catalyzing soot combustion in diesel particle filters are used in a widespread manner, and with the growing popularity of diesel vehicles, their application is expected to increase in the near future. Detailed investigation into how such additives affect exhaust toxicity is therefore necessary and has to be performed before epidemiological evidence points towards adverse effects of their application. The present study investigates how the addition of an iron-based fuel additive (Satacen®3, 40 ppm Fe) to low-sulfur diesel affects the in vitro cytotoxic, oxidative, (pro-)inflammatory, and mutagenic activity of the exhaust of a passenger car operated under constant, low-load conditions by exposing a three-dimensional model of the human airway epithelium to complete exhaust at the air-liquid interface.We could show that the use of the iron catalyst without and with filter technology has positive as well as negative effects on exhaust toxicity compared to exhaust with no additives: it decreases the oxidative and, compared to a non-catalyzed diesel particle filter, the mutagenic potential of diesel exhaust, but increases (pro-)inflammatory effects. The presence of a diesel particle filter also influences the impact of Satacen®3 on exhaust toxicity, and the proper choice of the filter type to be used is of importance with regards to exhaust toxicity.

Biological Effects in Lung Cells In Vitro of Exhaust Aerosols from a Gasoline Passenger Car With and Without Particle Filter

“…Using a similar experimental setup as in the present study, Steiner et al [34] could show that the filtration of diesel exhaust by an uncatalyzed DPF decreases the pro-inflammatory potential of the exhaust by simultaneously increasing its genotoxicity compared to unfiltered reference exhaust produced in absence of any catalyst [34,37], but that when the same DPF is used (with the same test vehicle at the identical operation point) in combination with a fuel borne catalyst (Satacen®3), exhaust genotoxicity can be completely abolished, however, with a certain penalty towards proinflammatory effects. These findings were in-line with what had been reported in detailed analytical studies investigating how DPFs and the catalytic activity that goes along with them influence the formation or elimination of exhaust components of high genotoxic (and/or pro-inflammatory, oxidative, etc.)…”

“…The effects of exhaust emitted from a gasoline passenger car with and without particle filter were assessed by using a welldefined and characterized exhaust exposure system which has been used for scooter as well as diesel exhausts in combination with different after-treatment technologies or fuels [21,25,29,34,[36][37][38]40]. As expected, the GPF reduced the PN significantly and the concentrations of the volatile compounds did not change.…”

“…After exposure to the exhaust the cell sample analyses, i.e., fixed cells, collected cell lysates, and supernatants, were performed according to established and standardized protocols as previously described [34,[36][37][38]. The combined cell responses were assessed using collected cells/supernatants from the 3D cell model and therefore the effects could not be assigned to a specific cell type but rather reflects the response in an airway tissue.…”

Assessment of improvement of ecological safety of power plants by arranging the system of pollutant neutralization

“…Article [25] studies the effect of temperature of EG on efficiency of a selective absorber of nitrogen oxides; while article [26] explores its influence on efficiency of application of EG recirculation. Research [27] is devoted to the influence of EG temperature on operation processes in a catalytic oxidizing agent of uncombusted hydrocarbons with netlike-steel FE as parts of DPF. Paper [28] describes results of multi-zone mathematical modeling of relationships between temperature of EG, operation efficiency and hydraulic resistance of DPF.…”

Autologous Co-culture of Primary Human Alveolar Macrophages and Epithelial Cells for Investigating Aerosol Medicines. Part II: Evaluation of IL-10-loaded Microparticles for the Treatment of Lung Inflammation

“…In order to translate the human in vivo situation into an in vitro concept with a stable dry powder formulation, and to demonstrate safety and efficacy, a relevant model of the human alveolus is needed. Co-culture systems mimic, in vitro, the cross-talk of cells and are able to address complex safety-related questions (12). Therefore, we modified the set-up of the human autologous co-culture system described in our previous study (1) to establish a model of human lung inflammation.…”