Effects of an Outbreak of Avian Encephalomyelitis (Epidemic Tremor) in a Breeding Flock

Taylor, Lewis W.; Lowry, Dorothy C.; Raggi, L. G.

doi:10.3382/ps.0341036

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In adult chickens infection is usually subclinical, being detected by drops in egg production and the appearance of clinical signs in infected progeny (Taylor et al, 1955;. The characteristics of infection in young chickens inoculated with non-egg-adapted strains have been described by Jones (1934), Van Roekel et al (1938), Olitsky (1939) and Hoekstra (1964).…”

Section: Non-egg-adapted Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian encephalomyelitis: A review

Tannock

Shafren

1994

Avian Pathology

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Section: Non-egg-adapted Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian encephalomyelitis: A review

Tannock

Shafren

1994

Avian Pathology

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“…Central chromatolysis of neurons is characterized by rounding of the cell contour and displacement of the Nissl granules to the cell periphery. Dorsal root ganglia may present multifocal nodular collections of lymphocytes (Martins & Silva, 2009;Roy et al, 2009;Villareal, 2009;Calnek, 2008;Swayne, 2008;Taylor et al, 1995;Randall, 1991). Furthermore, serological tests may also contribute for the diagnosis of the disease, as well as virus isolation (Calnek, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Occurance of Avian Encephalomyelitis in Broiler - Is This an Emerging Disease?

de¹,

Back²

2015

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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Avian encephalomyelitis is caused by an Hepatovirus and primarily affects chickens. Chickens of all ages are susceptible to the virus, but the nervous symptoms are manifested only in young chicks, between one to five weeks of age. During the last thirty years, avian encephalomyelitis appeared to be well controlled by breeder vaccination. However, the increase of the number of cases is causing concern in the poultry industry. In the present study, we performed a retrospective analysis of the cases presenting histological lesions compatible with avian encephalomyelitis in broilers. The evaluated cases affected broilers from one to 35 days old from the southern region of Brazil. Only cases with compatible microscopic lesions and associated with clinical symptoms in the field were considered. In addition the histopathological diagnosis, sera were tested by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Considering the clinical, histopathological, and serological evidences, the disease was confirmed, showing an increase in outbreaks from the last quarter of 2012, extending through 2013. The cause of this increase is not clear, although we suspect vaccine or vaccination error. Enhancing vaccinated breeders flocks monitoring before the beginning of egg production and/or using a protocol with two vaccinations is recommended.

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“…Some reports have recorded that a high proportion of hatching eggs may not hatch due to embryo mortality-in one study, the drop was from 78.6% to 59.6% (Taylor et al, 1955). In addition, a high proportion of the hatched chicks may be infected (up to 60%) if the breeders are fully susceptible (Calnek, 2008).…”

Section: Likelihood Of Presence In Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Hatchery Waste as animal by‐products

Andréoletti¹,

Budka²,

Bunčić³

et al. 2011

EFS2

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The risk posed by the possible use of dead-in-shell chicks for the production of processed petfood was assessed. According to current legislation two processing methods were considered i) treatment to a minimum Fc value of 3; and ii) treatment of at least 90°C throughout the substance of the final product. A list of the possible pathogens potentially present in the material to be treated was compiled and the available literature data was used to assess the ability of the processing methods to inactivate the most resistant pathogens identified. The processing methods were assessed assuming that the heat treatments would be performed in a moist environment. Spores of Clostridium botulinum were identified as the most resistant hazard potentially present in the material to be processed. Circovirus and parvovirus, and Enterococcus faecium were considered respectively as the most resistant viruses and non-sporulating bacterium to heat treatment. Moreover, depending on storage conditions, the generation of bacterial toxins could be possible. Consequently, the processing methods considered were assessed against their ability to inactivate those hazards. The risk related to the use of dead-in-shell chicks, submitted to a conventional heat treatment to a minimum Fc value of 3 in a moist environment, for the production of canned petfood was considered negligible. No indication is given in the current regulation on the processing time and heating method needed for the treatment at 90°C throughout the substance of the final product. A treatment lasting 18 seconds can assure a rapid destruction of the non-sporeforming bacteria identified as hazards. However, this treatment is not able to inactivate other relevant hazards such as bacterial spores, thermoresistant viruses and some toxins. The final risk posed by the agents that may survive this treatment additionally depends on several factors and cannot be considered to be negligible.

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Effects of an Outbreak of Avian Encephalomyelitis (Epidemic Tremor) in a Breeding Flock

Cited by 35 publications

References 3 publications

Avian encephalomyelitis: A review

Avian encephalomyelitis: A review

New Occurance of Avian Encephalomyelitis in Broiler - Is This an Emerging Disease?

Scientific Opinion on Hatchery Waste as animal by‐products

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