Effects of an unprecedented summer heatwave on the growth performance, flesh colour and plasma biochemistry of marine cage-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Wade, Nicholas M.; Clark, Timothy D.; Maynard, Ben T.; Atherton, Stuart; Wilkinson, Ryan; Smullen, Richard P.; Taylor, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.021

Cited by 106 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Seasonal uctuations in water temperature and oxygen content are unavoidable changes at aquaculture cage-sites and have profound impacts on the growth, survival and welfare of farmed sh [1,3,33,36,40,42]. With global warming, it is predicted that the occurrence of suboptimal temperatures (both high and low) and low water oxygen levels (hypoxia) may become more frequent and severe in coastal areas [7][8][9][10][11], and ultimately more challenging for aquaculture species [80].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collectively, these ndings suggest that several processes were involved in initiating the apoptosis of cells potentially damaged by oxidative stress in the liver of WN and WH sh, but also that other pathways likely prevented extensive programmed cell death which could have resulted in hepatic necrosis or impacted liver function [1,97,100,101]. Interestingly, moderate hypoxia combined with high temperature resulted in a less pronounced activation of apoptotic processes (Theme # 4) as compared to sh that experienced high temperature alone.…”

Section: Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Deathmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Temperature and oxygen are key environmental factors that in uence the physiology, metabolism and survival of marine organisms, especially of ectothermic sh [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Aquatic environments are characterized by short-(i.e., heat waves) and long-term (i.e., seasonal) uctuations in water temperatures, which may become a further challenge for marine sh species with global warming [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the dissolved oxygen levels within the cages uctuate substantially due to temperature, sh density, feeding and low water exchange [39][40][41], and frequent hypoxic events (~ 60-70% air saturation) occur in late summer [33,34,36]. These suboptimal conditions may negatively affect their physiological and growth performance [1,42], and recently led to mass mortalities at cage-sites in Newfoundland, Canada [33]. Consequently, these conditions are raising concerns worldwide about the pro tability of the industry and salmon welfare and survival [1,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These suboptimal conditions may negatively affect their physiological and growth performance [1,42], and recently led to mass mortalities at cage-sites in Newfoundland, Canada [33]. Consequently, these conditions are raising concerns worldwide about the pro tability of the industry and salmon welfare and survival [1,36]. Nevertheless, we have limited knowledge about the capacity of Atlantic salmon to tolerate heat stress in combination with hypoxia, and whether these stressors interact synergistically or antagonistically, or impose additive effects [4,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Transcriptomic Responses of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to High Temperature Stress Alone, and in Combination with Moderate Hypoxia

Beemelmanns

Zanuzzo

Xue

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Increases in seawater temperatures and in the frequency and severity of hypoxic events are expected with climate change, and may become a challenge for cultured Atlantic salmon and negatively affect their growth, immunology and welfare. Thus, we examined how an incremental temperature increase alone (Warm & Normoxic-WN: 12→20°C; 1°C week-1), and in combination with moderate hypoxia (Warm & Hypoxic-WH: ~70% air saturation), impacted salmon’s hepatic transcriptome expression compared to control fish (CT: 12°C, normoxic) using 44K microarrays and qPCR. Results: Overall, we identified 2,894 differentially expressed probes (DEPs, FDR < 5%), that included 1,111 shared DEPs, while 789 and 994 DEPs were specific to WN and WH fish, respectively. Pathway analysis suggested that the cellular mechanisms affected by the two experimental conditions were quite similar, with up-regulated genes functionally associated with heat shock response, ER-stress, apoptosis and immune defence, while genes connected with general metabolic processes, proteolysis and oxidation-reduction were largely suppressed. The qPCR assessment of 41 microarray-identified genes validated that the heat shock response (hsp90aa1, serpinh1), apoptosis (casp8, jund, jak2) and immune responses (apod, c1ql2, epx) were up-regulated in WN and WH fish, while oxidative stress and hypoxia sensitive genes were down-regulated (cirbp, cyp1a1, egln2, gstt1, hif1α, prdx6, rraga, ucp2). However, the additional challenge of hypoxia resulted in more pronounced effects on heat shock and immune-related processes, including a stronger influence on the expression of 14 immune-related genes. Finally, robust correlations between the transcription of 19 genes and several phenotypic traits in WH fish suggest that changes in gene expression were related to an impaired physiological and growth performance. Conclusion: Increasing temperature to 20°C alone, and in combination with hypoxia, resulted in the up- and down-regulation of genes involved in similar important pathways in Atlantic salmon. However, the heat shock and immune responses of fish exposed to 20°C and hypoxia were more affected, and their transcriptional dysregulation was related to reduced performance. This study provides valuable information on how these two environmental challenges affect the expression of stress-, metabolic- and immune-related genes and pathways and identifies potential biomarker genes for improving our understanding of fish health and welfare.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Deathmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Transcriptomic Responses of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to High Temperature Stress Alone, and in Combination with Moderate Hypoxia

Beemelmanns

Zanuzzo

Xue

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Rapid detection of heat stress biomarkers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) liver using targeted proteomics

Mendoza‐Porras,

Rusu,

Stratford

et al. 2023

Aquaculture Fish & Fisheries

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Most fish are ectothermic; therefore, their physiology is significantly affected by temperature. Aquaculture fish have limited ability to avoid elevated water temperatures, with impacts increasing as a result of climate change. To date, quantifying gene expression has been proposed to monitor heat stress in salmon liver. This study aimed to establish a faster multiplexed proteomics method to measure the abundance of thermal stress biomarkers in liver of salmon reared at 15°C or 20°C. Moreover, this study aimed to determine the effects that sample pooling, and data normalisation using housekeeping (HK) protein peptides would exert over the statistical significance of these thermal stress markers. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry method, comprised 45 peptides derived from thermal stress markers and 10 peptides from HK proteins, was applied to measure these markers in liver of salmon reared at 15°C or 20°C. When samples were processed individually, 34 peptides were significant between salmon livers at 15°C or 20°C. In pooled samples, this decreased to five significant peptides. Peptides hprt1_HYADDLDR (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase) and gapdh_VPTPNVSVVDLTVR (glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase) were the most stable and unstable HK protein peptides, respectively. When data was normalised with hprt1_HYADDLDR, 16 peptides were significant in individual samples and 13 in pooled samples. Significant peptides serpinh1a_ADLSNISGK, SerpinH1_TNSILFIGR, ela2_VVGGEDVR and gapdh_VPTPNVSVVDLTVR were common regardless of data strategy. A fast and reliable MRM method was established to validate thermal stress markers in salmon liver, where individual samples yielded better results than pooled samples. Sample pooling was only better when combined with normalisation as it validated twice the number of markers than sample pooling alone. This method could be applied to monitoring stress response in experiments involving feeding additives designed to mitigate thermal stress or in selective breeding programs to help understanding family variance in thermal tolerance.

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Predicting seagrass ecosystem resilience to marine heatwave events of variable duration, frequency and re‐occurrence patterns with gaps

Hatum,

McMahon,

Mengersen

et al. 2024

Aquatic Conservation

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BackgroundSeagrass, a vital primary producer habitat, is crucial for maintaining high biodiversity and offers numerous ecosystem services globally. The increasing severity and frequency of marine heatwaves, exacerbated by climate change, pose significant risks to seagrass meadows.AimsThis study acknowledges the uncertainty and variability of marine heatwave scenarios and aims to aid managers and policymakers in understanding simulated responses of seagrass to different durations, frequencies and recurrence gaps of marine heatwaves.Materials and MethodsUsing expert knowledge and observed data, we refined a global Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) model for a specific case study on Halophila ovalis in Leschenault Estuary, Australia. The model evaluates the potential impact of marine heatwaves on seagrass resilience, examining stress resistance, recovery and extinction risk.ResultsSimulations of different marine heatwave scenarios reveal significant impacts on seagrass ecosystems. Scenarios ranged from 30‐ to 90‐day heatwaves, with longer durations causing more significant biomass decline, reduced resistance, higher extinction risk and prolonged recovery. For instance, recovery time may increase from 18 to 26 months with four 60‐day and from 24 to 47 months with four 90‐day marine heatwave events. Increasing the frequency of marine heatwaves from one to four annual events, with no gaps between occurrences, could raise extinction risk from 11% to 55% for 60‐day events and from 17% to 83% for 90‐day events. However, introducing gaps between heatwaves enhanced resilience, with spaced events showing lower extinction risks and quicker recovery than consecutive yearly events.DiscussionThe study demonstrates the DBN model's utility in simulating the impact of marine heatwaves on seagrass, providing tools for risk‐informed assessment of management and restoration efforts. While these simulations align with existing research on temperature impacts on seagrass, they are not empirical.ConclusionFurther research is necessary to expand our understanding of climate change effects on seagrass ecosystems, guide policy and develop strategies to strengthen marine ecosystem resilience.

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Effects of an unprecedented summer heatwave on the growth performance, flesh colour and plasma biochemistry of marine cage-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 106 publications

References 49 publications

The Transcriptomic Responses of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to High Temperature Stress Alone, and in Combination with Moderate Hypoxia

The Transcriptomic Responses of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to High Temperature Stress Alone, and in Combination with Moderate Hypoxia

Rapid detection of heat stress biomarkers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) liver using targeted proteomics

Predicting seagrass ecosystem resilience to marine heatwave events of variable duration, frequency and re‐occurrence patterns with gaps

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