Effects of angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists on Parkinson's disease progression: An exploratory study in the PPMI database

Axial Improvement after Casirivimab/Imdevimab Treatment for COVID-19 in Parkinson’s Disease

“…9 The role of ACE inhibitors in PD has been previously investigated, with some controversies. Data from the PPMI study did not find any benefit associated with use of ACE inhibitors in newly diagnosed PD, 10 however, other studies reported some benefits of ACE inhibitors in PD patients with moderate–severe stages. 11,12 These authors speculate that ACE2 receptors are involved in advanced stages of PD and contribute to the onset of motor complications such as ON/OFF fluctuations and dyskinesias.…”

The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson´s disease

“…However, the conclusive value of these studies was limited by the low number of patients or other confounding factors such as short periods of exposure to the analyzed drug or the inclusion of different anti-hypertensive drugs or different ARBs and ACE inhibitors in the same group of patients [ 114 ]. More recent studies also suggest the potential clinical effects of ARBs [ 115 , 116 ], including studies using artificial intelligence [ 117 ], which support the neuroprotective effects of AT1 receptor blockers on PD risk. Recent retrospective cohort studies involving a large number of patients are particularly interesting and show that ARBs may be an effective neuroprotective strategy to reduce PD risk and progression [ 118 , 119 ].…”

Antihypertensive drugs may not delay the symptom progression of Parkinson’s disease: A 2-year follow-up study

“…The current study noted that ACEIs [ 6 ], ARBs [ 7 ] and CCBs [ 8 ] can reduce the incidence of PD. However, there have been few studies on the effect of antihypertensive drugs on PD progression, and the conclusions are not unanimous [ [9] , [10] , [11] ]. ACEIs are the most commonly used antihypertensive drugs in middle-aged and elderly people.…”

“…Among these studies, a double-blind placebo-controlled study in seven moderately severe PD patients suggested that after a four-week treatment period, the ACEI perindopril may have a place in the management of motor symptoms in PD patients without AP [ 9 ]. In addition, a study from PPMI revealed that ARB reduced the MDS-UPDRS total score during the first year in newly diagnosed PD patients who were exposed to this drug, but ACEI did not [ 11 ]. The research included 423 samples, and approximately 10 patients with or without AP used ARB medication at least 2 years before entering the study and were exposed to ARB during the 5-year follow-up.…”