Effects of annual ring number and width on ultrasonic waves in some softwood species

Abstract

The effect of annual ring number and width on the longitudinal (P) and transverse (S) ultrasonic wave velocities in the radial direction of black pine, Scots pine, Turkish red pine, and cedar softwoods was evaluated in this study. Annual rings were evaluated using high-resolution images captured with a Lumix camera. The 2.25 MHz P and 1 MHz S wave frequencies were propagated through the radial direction of small clear samples. An increase in ring number caused different changes in the P and S wave velocities. Only Scots pine and cedar presented continuous decreases in P and S wave velocities with the increase in annual rings. On the contrary, VR of Red pine slightly decreased and surpassed the initial value when the ring numbers increased from 5 to 10 and 15, respectively. Furthermore, the greatest decrease (4%) in the velocities was observed for VRL of Red pine. According to one-way ANOVA results, significant relations were only observed for VR vs. ring number of Black pine and cedar. R2 values ranged from 0.0001 (Red pine VR) to 0.18 (Cedar VR) for ring number and 0.0002 (Cedar VR) to 0.44 (Scots pine VR) for ring width. Furthermore, ANOVA results for linear regression analysis showed that VR of Scots pine and VR, VRL, VRT of Red pine can be statistically significantly predicted by the ring widths.

Imaging of Structural Timber Based on In Situ Radar and Ultrasonic Wave Measurements: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

“…This matter makes interpreting results more difficult. Also, some wood features such as knots, grain orientation, and annual rings result in anisotropy and heterogeneity, so the measurement becomes complicated since they further affect the propagation of the ultrasonic waves (wave attenuation) [114,117]. The inadequate coupling of transducers can lead to additional uncertainty in the measurement; therefore, the transducers should have adequate and consistent coupling with the tested member; by doing so, the delay in transmission can also be minimized [9,62].…”

Influence of growth ring number and width on elastic constants of poplar

“…Because of the orthotropic nature of wood, such phenomena can be remarkably influenced by the propagation direction and polarization. In this manner, Aydın (2022) evaluated the barrier function of GR on pine (Scots, red, and black) and cedar woods using 1 MHz transverse and 2.25 MHz longitudinal ultrasonic waves. It was stated that UWV tends to decrease while the growth-ring number (GRN) increases.…”

Bio-Mimicry: Tree rings and three-dimensional printing – Preliminary biomimetic experiments with fused deposition modeling using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filament

“…These features also vary within growth rings because of the differences in cell structure, and generally latewood (LW) presents higher properties (mechanical, density, and shrinkage) and darker color than the earlywood (EW) sections (Zink-Sharp 2004). The EW and LW mechanical properties (Krauss et al 2011;Büyüksari et al 2017), the influence of annual rings on ultrasonic wave propagation (Aydın 2022), the influence of annual ring orientation on bending strength (Rede et al 2017), the influences of ring width and fiber dimension on compressive strength (Ajuziogu et al 2019), and age and growth rate (Briand et al 1993) are some factors that affect tree ring properties.…”