Effects of arginine supplementation on growth performance and plasma arginine, ornithine and citrulline dynamics of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract

This study aimed to re‐evaluate the effect of excessive arginine supplementation on growth and feed efficiency of rainbow trout, and to assess the effect of dietary arginine supplementation on hepatic amino acid composition, expression of arginase Ⅱ (ARG 2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) genes in the intestine, and plasma arginine, ornithine, citrulline and urea levels at 0, 6, 12 and 18 hr‐postprandial. Rainbow trout (body weight: 60.5–65 g) were fed diets containing 1.47 (control [CTRL]), 3.89 (3.89A) and 5.64% (5.64A) arginine for nine weeks. Higher muscle protein content was observed in 3.89A than CTRL (p < 0.05). In postprandial study, plasma arginine of 5.64A kept increased until 12 hr‐postprandial and reached identical value (around 150 µg/ml) until 18 hr‐postprandial in 5.64A. Significant increase of plasma arginine level was only observed in arginine supplemented group. Meanwhile, plasma citrulline level in CTRL was significantly higher than in 5.64A at 18 hr‐postprandial. A significantly higher hepatic citrulline level was also observed in CTRL than in 5.64A (p < 0.05). Significantly higher plasma and hepatic free ornithine level was observed in 5.64A than CTRL while significantly higher expression of intestinal ARG2 and HSP70 was found in arginine supplemented groups. These results suggest that citrulline availability seems to be stimulated by arginine deficiency in the CTRL and the presence of arginase in the intestine to regulate excess dietary arginine.

Arginine supplementation in plant‐rich diets affects growth, feed utilization, body composition, blood biochemical indices and gene expressions of the target of rapamycin signaling pathway in juvenile Asian red‐tailed catfish (Hemibagrus wyckoiides)

“…Similar results have been reported in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) (Wu et al, 2018) and yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) (Zhou et al, 2015). In addition, many studies have indicated that Arg metabolites, such as polyamines and nitric oxide, might offer the beneficial effects in transport of dissolved nutrients (Fauzi et al, 2019). Our study revealed that TP and AIB levels were relatively constant, suggesting that the dietary Arg supplementation did not impair oncotic pressure of the blood for efficient transport of dissolved components in the body (Hassaan et al, 2020).…”

“…In this study, the dietary Arg supplementation for optimum growth was estimated as 63.77 g/kg (6.38% of the diet) for H. wyckioides fed on high- plant protein diets. Therefore, feeding H. wyckioides with insufficient or excessive dietary Arg caused nutritional stress, which resulted in the depression of fish growth and feed utilization as reported previously (Fauzi, Haga, Kondo, Hirono, & Satoh, 2019;Fournier et al, 2003;Ren et al, 2013;Zhou et al, 2010;Zhou, Jin, Elmada, Liang, & Mai, 2015;Zhou, Zeng, Wang, Xie, & Zheng, 2012). We hypothesize that, supplementing dietary Arg in H. wyckioides excessing the optimum level may cause extra energy expenditure toward deamination of unbalanced dietary amino acids.…”

Arginine metabolism and its functions in growth, nutrient utilization, and immunonutrition of fish

“…Dietary arginine supplementation (from 2.0% to 3.7%) significantly increased the basic level and 3 h postprandial level of plasma ornithine in rainbow trout ( Clark et al., 2020a ), which was consistent with another study reporting that dietary arginine addition (5.64%) increased the ornithine level both in the plasma and liver at 18 h postprandial compared to the control (1.47%) ( Fauzi et al., 2019 ). Moreover, dietary arginine supplementation significantly decreased the plasma citrulline content in rainbow trout ( Fauzi et al., 2019 ; Clark et al., 2020a ). Dietary arginine requirement could also be compensated with glutamine supplementation ( Buentello and Gatlin, 2000 ).…”

A multi-omics approach unravels metagenomic and metabolic alterations of a probiotic and synbiotic additive in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Microbial functions are likely to either (i) increase arginine analogous like ornithine and citrulline or (ii) decrease the amount of toxic ammonia in the intestine of ammonotelic teleosts such as salmonids through anabolic carbamate kinase activity during feeding [ 65 – 68 ]. Citrulline and ornithine have previously been found more efficient for amino acid uptake in rainbow trout [ 69 , 70 ]. Ammonia reduction could have an impact on farmed fish, since they are often fed excessively, which suggests that Mycoplasma might serve as an advantageous gut symbiont that increases the tolerance of the host fish towards accumulated ammonia or suggests that Mycoplasma increase the availability of essential amino acids in the gut.…”