“…As mentioned earlier, bidentate carboxylate groups have been utilized as anchoring agents due to the stability they offer, as supported by several studies. 66–68 In Table 4 are reported the dipole moment, μ of dye@TiO 2 , in comparison with that of free dyes, and the interaction energies, E int , calculated as: E int = E dye@TiO 2 − ( E dye + E TiO 2 )Calculated Ti–O distances fall within the range of 1.96–2.10 Å, aligning closely with the theoretically reported Ti–O bond lengths (ranging from 2.03 to 2.24 Å) for different dye–TiO 2 clusters. 73 These results are indicative of the favorable interaction between the dyes and the semiconductor surface, as supported by the calculated E int values for dye@(TiO 2 ) 14 .…”