Effects of betaine supplementation in plant‐protein‐based diets on growth performance, haemato‐immunological parameters, antioxidant status and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Caspian trout ( Salmo trutta , Kessler, 1877)

Abstract

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of betaine on growth performance, haematological-biochemical parameters, antioxidant status and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Caspian trout, Salmo trutta. A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary betaine on growth performance, haematological-immunological parameters, antioxidant defence system and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Caspian trout, Salmo trutta. For this purpose, 180 juveniles (9.7 ± 0.59 g-total length, 9.35 ± 0.48 cm) were fed four experimental diets as follows: plant-protein basal diet, the basal diets with 1.4 and 2.8% betaine supplementation or a fishmeal-based diet (control). Triplicate groups were considered for each treatment and feeding trial lasted for 77 days. The results revealed that weight gain (WG) ratio, specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly higher in fish fed the betaine-supplemented diet (1.4 & 2.8%) and control diet than in the group fed the basal one. Lysozyme activity and total serum immunoglobulin of those fish fed the basal diet with 2.8% betaine supplementation or the control diet were also found significantly higher than those in fish fed the basal diet.Moreover, significantly lower (p < .05) plasma total cholesterol, glucose, high-density aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were observed in the basal diet, but those were improved as supplemented with 1.4 and 2.8% betaine. The study of antioxidant enzyme activities revealed a rising trend in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) in 2.8% betaine induced by the plant-proteinbased diet (p < .05). Furthermore, digestive enzyme activities including lipase and amylase had augmented in fish receiving betaine-supplemented diets. Results indicated that, in diets based on plant proteins that often have low palatability, 1.4% of betaine supplementation might improve feed acceptability, growth performance, humoral immune responses, antioxidant defence and digestive activity in Caspian trout.

Inclusion effect of jack mackerel,Trachurus japonicus, meal in the diet of rockfish,Sebastes schlegeli, on growth, feed utilization, biochemical composition, and innate immune responses

“…The innate immune system of fish is regarded as the first line of defense against pathogens (Saurabh & Sahoo, 2008), on the other hand, SOD is an antioxidative enzyme that protects against other oxidizing activities that might harm fish (Dröge, 2002). Similarly, inclusion of feed stimulants did not alter FE, chemical composition, hematological parameters, or innate immune response of fish (Hossain et al, 2017;Khosravi et al, 2018;Mohseni et al, 2021).…”

Effects of three feed attractants on the growth performance and meat quality of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

“…MDA, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation that can interact with the free amino groups in protein causing cell damage (Xiao et al, 2022), and the contents of MDA in the fish liver can reflect the severity of the free radical attack on the liver or body cells (Całyniuk et al, 2016). Previous studies have demonstrated that limonene, allicin and betaine could improve the antioxidant capacity of fish (Abdel-Tawwab et al, 2021;Dong et al, 2021;Hamed et al, 2021;Ajiboye et al, 2016;Lopes et al, 2019;Lopes et al, 2020;Mohseni et al, 2021). In this study, the GSH and MDA contents variations in the liver as well as the MDA contents in the serum demonstrated the antioxidant effect of the aforesaid three attractants.…”

Effect of Calanus finmarchicus Hydrolysate Inclusion on Diet Attractiveness for Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

“…In addition to increased feed intake, supplementation of taurine in diets for juvenile whiteleg shrimp has been found to improve growth performance, metabolism, immunity, anti-oxidant capacity, and intestinal health [35][36][37][38][39]. Metabolomic fingerprinting of C. finmarchicus has also revealed that one of its major metabolites is betaine [40], which is a highly soluble glycine derivative with chemoattractive properties for both fish and shrimp [8][9][10][41][42][43]. Alkaline and neutral amino acids, such as glycine, proline, taurine, and valine, and derivatives, like betaine, are known to have chemoattractive properties for olfaction and/or ingestion in carnivorous species [9,10].…”