Effects of bile acids on the growth performance, lipid metabolism, non‐specific immunity and intestinal microbiota of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

Abstract

Currently, the yield of shrimp, especially pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), has been steadily increased worldwide (FAO, 2020). In order to meet the yield demand, practices based on the increased stocking density and excessive overfeeding have become the most commonly poor management practices (Limsuwan, 2010), while these practices could result in the imbalance of nutrition and the degradation of culture environment, which not only increase the burden of hepatopancreas in shrimp but also increase the susceptibility of shrimp to diseases. Recently, adding functional supplements into feeds has been gradually developed into a general method to promote the health status of shrimp (Hoseinifar et al., 2016;Zhou et al., 2020). Specifically, owing to the simple biodegradation and relative safety, natural bioactive substances extracted from animals or plants are considered as significant functional supplements, which have a great application potential in aquaculture practice (Bu et al., 2020).Bile acids as endogenous molecules synthesized from cholesterol in vertebrates (Reschly et al., 2008) are regarded as pleiotropic mediators that regulate multiple physiological processes and mediate the utilization for different nutrients. From an evolutionary perspective,

Effects of bile acids supplementation in soybean meal‐based diet on growth, cholesterol status, digestibility and moulting‐related gene expression in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

“…The growth performance of white shrimp was generally improved when BA was incorporated into the SBM-based diet without extra cholesterol supplementation. A similar finding was reported in the same species fed with high plant protein diet (Su et al, 2021). Our results, together with the previous report, clearly indicated the potential for the benefit of BA on cholesterol metabolism in shrimp.…”

“…However, fewer studies focused on BA in the shrimp diet rather than fish. The only two studies found that BA supplementation in the diet of white shrimp can improve lipid metabolism, immune responses and intestinal microbiota (Su et al, 2021, 2022). Based on limited information, two hypotheses were waiting to clarify.…”

Modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal immune response in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by dietary bile salt supplementation

“…Additionally, the up-regulation of c d4-1 , C-C chemokine receptor type 3 ( ccr3 ), C-C chemokine receptor type 9 ( ccr9 ), and C-C chemokine CK8 ( ck8 ) may also support that fish fed the BS 0.06% had an enhanced gut immune response. This hypothesis would be in line with the study of Su et al (2021) , which reported an increase in the phagocytic and antibacterial activities in plasma of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) fed a diet supplemented with graded levels of a mixture of BSs (67.52% hyodeoxycholic acid, 19.81% chenodeoxycholic acid, and 8.60% hyocholic acid). Indeed, the cell marker CD4 can be found on the surface of T reg cells, but also T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells ( Parija, 2012 ; Ashfaq et al, 2019 ).…”

Effects of Dietary Chenodeoxycholic Acid Supplementation in a Low Fishmeal Diet Containing Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on Growth, Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism, and Hepatopancreas Health of Litopenaeus vannamei

“…Similar to our results, a low fishmeal diet supplemented with CDCA can improve the growth performance and intestinal health of L. vannamei [32], and dietary supplementation of CDCA can also improve the hepatopancreas health of L. vannamei [1]. The growth of L. vannamei can be stimulated through dietary supplementation of 0.02-0.03% bile acid, as reported by Su et al [27]. Iwashita et al [33] demonstrated that supplementing plant protein-based feeds with choline taurine (a type of bile acid) resulted in the improved growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).…”