Effects of Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles, Cisplatin and Baicalein-rich Fraction on ROS Generation in Proton Beam irradiated Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

Abstract

Introduction: Proton beam radiotherapy is an advanced cancer treatment technique, which would reduce the effects of radiation on the surrounding healthy cells. The usage of radiosensitizers in this technique might further elevate the radiation dose towards the cancer cells. Material and methods: The present study investigated the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the presence of individual radiosensitizers, such as bismuth oxide nanoparticles (BiONPs), cisplatin (Cis) or baicalein-rich fraction (BRF) from Oroxylum indicum plant, as well as their combinations, such as BiONPs-Cis (BC), BiONPs-BRF (BB), or BiONPs-Cis-BRF (BCB), on HCT-116 colon cancer cells under proton beam radiotherapy. Results: It was found that the ROS in the presence of Cis at 3 Gy of radiation dose was the highest, followed by BC, BiONPs, BB, BRF, and BCB treatments. The properties of bismuth as a radical scavenger, as well as the BRF as a natural compound, might contribute to the lower intracellular ROS induction. The ROS in the presence of Cis and BC combination were also time-dependent and radiation dose-dependent. Conclusions: As the prospective alternatives to the Cis, the BC combination and individual BiONPs showed the capacities to be developed as radiosensitizers for proton beam therapy.

Natural Baicalein-Rich Fraction as Radiosensitizer in Combination with Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles and Cisplatin for Clinical Radiotherapy

“…The DEF values of BRF were calculated from the theoretical Z eff of the BRF, which approximates a carbon element. 54 This divergence between SER values and DEF values of BRF suggested that, biologically, natural compounds could not fully mimic the actions of the carbon element. The different effects between BRF and carbon could be related to research on carbon fiber implants which found that carbon could neither increase nor decrease the radiation dose in radiotherapy.…”

“…The Z eff of BRF, Cis, and BiONPs had been calculated in our previous research, which are 6, 62, and 78, respectively. 40 , 54 These Z eff values are approximate to carbon, samarium, and platinum metals, respectively.…”

“…42 Correspondingly, the individual treatments (BRF, BiONPs, or Cis) and combination treatments (BB and BCB) had been determined to have high ROS amounts in relation to the radiosensitization effects under four clinical beams (HDR brachytherapy, proton, photon, and electron beams). 41 , 43 …”

A Review on the Recent Advancements on Therapeutic Effects of Ions in the Physiological Environments

“…Other than this, bismuth salts were found to be effective in the treatment of syphilis, hypertension, dyspepsia, diarrhea, H-pylori infection, etc. [45][46][47][48][49][50]. Among the various compounds of bismuth, colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS), bismuth subnitrate (BS) [51,52], bismuth subsalicylate (BSS), and ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) are explored in the literature for their effectiveness and mode of action as well as modifications [53][54][55][56].…”

“…Bismuth salts exhibit antibacterial action against various gastrointestinal tract pathogens including E-coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholera, etc. [46]. The mechanism of bactericidal action of bismuth is still unclear, but several proposed mechanisms are summarized in Figure 3B [41].…”