Effects of black garlic on the pacemaker potentials of interstitial cells of Cajal in murine small intestine in vitro and on gastrointestinal motility in vivo

Abstract

Black garlic (BG) is a newly explored food stuff obtained via fermentation of raw, healthy garlic, especially in Asian countries. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of BG extract on the pacemaker potentials of the ICC in the small intestines of mice and the possibility of controlling GI motility. The antioxidant activity of BG extract was also investigated. The whole-cell electrophysiological method was used to measure pacemaker potentials of the ICC in vitro , whereas GI motility was measured using the intestinal transit rate (ITR) in vivo . BG extract depolarized the pacemaker potentials of the ICC. Y25130 and RS39604 5-HT receptor antagonists could not inhibit the effect of BG extract on the pacemaker potentials of the ICC, whereas the 5-HT receptor antagonist SB269970 could. Pre-treatment with external Na + (5 mM) or Ca 2+ -free solution inhibited the BG extract-induced depolarization of the ICC. With SB203580, PD98059, or c-jun NH 2 -terminal kinase II inhibitor pre-treatment, BG extract did not induce pacemaker potential depolarization. Moreover, the ITR values were increased by BG extract. Elevation of the ITR due to BG extract was related with increased protein expression of the 5-HT 7 receptors. In addition, BG extract showed antioxidant activity. Collectively, these results highlight the ability of BG extract to regulate GI motility and the possibility of using it to develop GI motility modulators in the future. Moreover, BG showed immense potential as an antioxidant.

A Study on the Effects of Muscarinic and Serotonergic Regulation by Bojanggunbi-tang on the Pacemaker Potential of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Murine Small Intestine

“…As pacemakers, ICCs are crucial for GI motility and are involved in neurotransmission [4][5][6][7][8]. Recent breakthroughs have been made in understanding the ICC activation mechanism, including the diversification of research methods [1].…”

“…However, slow waves cannot be explained by the relationship between GI smooth muscles and motor nerves alone [2]. Instead, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) appear to be the primary cause of slow waves [4][5][6]. In recent decades, intensive research in animal models (e.g., mice, guinea pigs, and dogs) has revealed that ICCs act as pacemakers in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine [7,8].…”

Role of Carbohydrate response element-binding protein in mediating dexamethasone-induced glucose transporter 5 expression in Caco-2BBE cells and during the developmental phase in mice

“…Caco-2BBE cells were washed with sterile phosphate-buffered saline and treated with RIPA buffer containing proteinase inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Cell lysates were prepared and subjected to western blotting as previously described (Moon et al 2022 ; Um et al 2023 ) using antibodies against ChREBP (NB400-13; Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA), GLUT5 (27571-1-AP; Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA), GAPDH (MAB374; Millipore, St. Louis, MO, USA), and TATA-binding protein (TBP) (ab63766; Abcam, Cambridge, UK). To detect nuclear ChREBP, nuclear lysates of Caco-2BBE cells were obtained using the NE-PER™ Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents Kit (78833; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.…”

Network Pharmacological Analysis and Experimental Validation of the Effect of Smilacis Glabrae Rhixoma on Gastrointestinal Motility Disorder

“…Accordingly, the SGR extract appeared to be safe and did not elicit acute toxicity for a single oral dose of at least 5 g/kg or below. In this paper, SGR 0.01 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg, and 1 g/kg were used in the animal experiment, and this concentration has been widely used in the mouse gastrointestinal animal experiments [ 33 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. When converted to human concentration, 1 g/kg for a mouse is 4.9 g for adults (60 kg) [ 52 ], which is less than the typical human dose of 15–60 g [ 23 ].…”