Effects of Boron-Containing Compounds on Liposoluble Hormone Functions

Abstract

Boron-containing compounds (BCC), particularly boronic acids and derivatives, are being increasingly tested as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Some effects of BCC involve phenomena linked to the action of steroid or thyroid hormones; among these, are the effects on muscle mass or basal metabolism. Additionally, some toxicology reports on mammals, including humans, sound an alert concerning damage to several systems, among which are the negative effects on the induction of male infertility. Systemic and local mechanisms to explain changes in metabolism and impaired fertility were collected and presented. Then, we presented the putative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms involved and demonstrated in these events. In addition, it is proposed that there are adducts of some oxygenated BCC with cis-diols in fructose, an essential source of energy for sperm–cell motility, an uncoupling of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and its ligands, and the modulation of the DNA synthetic rate. These effects share the reactivity of boron-containing compounds on the cis-diols of key molecules. Moreover, data reporting no DNA damage after BCC administration are included. Further studies are required to support the clear role of BCC through these events to disrupt metabolism or fertility in mammals. If such phenomena are confirmed and elucidated, an advance could be useful to design strategies for avoiding BCC toxicity after BCC administration, and possibly for designing metabolism regulators and contraceptive drugs, among other purposes. Boronic derivatives and carboranes have been proposed and studied in this field.

A Boron-Containing Analogue of Acetaminophen Induces Analgesic Effect in Hot Plate Test and Limited Hepatotoxicity

“…Cholesterol is an essential lipid that is important for cellular organization and stability while also the basis for hormones, bile, vitamin D, and oxysterols. Some BCC can reduce cholesterol levels [51], but in the present study, no correlation was found with the administered 4APB, while APAP can reduce levels under certain conditions, but it is generally accepted as not affecting levels [52][53][54]. The main protein produced in the liver, albumin, with multiple functions, was not altered in the control or experimental groups, thus implying that at these doses, the compounds or possible metabolites interfering with hepatocytes is not enough to cause a blockage of albumin synthesis as it has been reported in other cases [55][56][57][58].…”

The Rise of Boron-Containing Compounds: Advancements in Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, and Emerging Pharmacology

“…Iron is subsequently oxidized by Figure 29. Depiction of a carbon dot functionalized with an arylboronic acid (57). concomitantly increases ROS concentration and, thus, oxidative stress that promotes apoptosis in cancer cells.…”

“…However, the essentiality of boron in supporting animal life is substantiated by the detrimental effects of boron deficiency, such as impeding embryo development, − pulmonary fibrosis, osteoporosis, − cognitive function, , calcium and magnesium concentration, − and steroid hormone concentration. , As boric acid and borates enter animal/human cells, they interact with and often disrupt the kinetics and dynamics of other biomolecules containing cis -diols, such as flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), ribonucleic acids, ribonuclease, and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). , Although disruptive in certain cases, supplementation with boric acid in humans at doses of 20–60 mg/day has been effective for the treatment of arthritis, certain types of neoplasia, − heart function, and metabolic disorders. , Additionally, boron supplementation has several medical applications, such as in aging, , improving bone health, , improving cardiac health after myocardial infarction, antiseptic, antibiotic, and hormone regulation. ,− Similarly, fructoborate ( 2 ), a naturally occurring borate ester, acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that likely affects treatment of knee/joint function, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ,− cancer, ,, and/or cognitive health. , Thus, naturally occurring boron-containing compounds (BCC) warrant further exploration as mechanistic insight into the role of boron in animal health will guide the design of novel therapeutics.…”

“…However, the essentiality of boron in supporting animal life is substantiated by the detrimental effects of boron deficiency, 39 such as impeding embryo development, 40−43 pulmonary fibrosis, 44 osteoporosis, 45−49 cognitive function, 50,51 calcium and magnesium concentration, 52−55 and steroid hormone concentration. 56,57 As boric acid and borates enter animal/human cells, they interact with and often disrupt the kinetics and dynamics of other biomolecules containing cisdiols, such as flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), ribonucleic acids, ribonuclease, and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). 58,59 Although disruptive in certain cases, supplementation with boric acid in humans at doses of 20−60 mg/day has been effective for the treatment of arthritis, certain types of neoplasia, 60−62 heart function, and metabolic disorders.…”

Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of novel mononuclear nickel(II), copper(II) and chromium(III) complexes with N,N-dilaurylsubstituted thiazolidine-4-one-5-acetic acid ligand

“…In particular, copper(II) complexes with bis-and tris-thiazole derivatives have been shown to exhibit high cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells [17]. It is also known that coordination complexes of transition metals, such as nickel, copper, and chromium, with various heterocyclic systems play a role as biologically active agents or as effective catalysts in various organic transformations [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. It is therefore of great importance to develop effective synthetic methods for the preparation of such heterocyclic systems and to study the properties of the coordination compounds they can form with transition metals.…”