Effects of Building Directions on Microstructure, Impurity Elements and Mechanical Properties of NiTi Alloys Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Abstract

For NiTi alloys prepared by the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), changes in the building directions will directly change the preferred orientation and thus directly affect the smart properties, such as superelasticity, as well as change the distribution state of defects and impurity elements to affect the phase transformation behaviour, which in turn affects the smart properties at different temperatures. In this study, the relationship between impurity elements, the building directions, and functional properties; the effects of building directions on the crystallographic anisotropy; phase composition; superelastic properties; microhardness; geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density; and impurity element content of NiTi SMAs fabricated by LPBF were systematically studied. Three building directions measured from the substrate, namely, 0°, 45° and 90°, were selected, and three sets of cylindrical samples were fabricated with the same process parameters. Along the building direction, a strong <100>//vertical direction (VD) texture was formed for all the samples. Because of the difference in transformation temperature, when tested at 15 °C, the sample with the 45° orientation possessed the highest strain recovery of 3.2%. When tested at the austenite phase transformation finish temperature (Af)+10 °C, the 90° sample had the highest strain recovery of 5.83% and a strain recovery rate of 83.3%. The sample with the 90° orientation presented the highest microhardness, which was attributed to its high dislocation density. Meanwhile, different building directions had an effect on the contents of O, C, and N impurity elements, which affected the transformation temperature by changing the Ni/Ti ratio. This study innovatively studied the impurity element content and GND densities of compressive samples with three building directions, providing theoretical guidance for LPBFed NiTi SMA structural parts.

Editorial for the Special Issue on Laser Additive Manufacturing: Design, Materials, Processes, and Applications, 2nd Edition

“…This Special Issue covers a wide range of forming materials, including zirconium alloys [ 24 ], titanium alloys [ 20 , 23 ], steel [ 21 , 25 , 26 ], composites (e.g., electroless copper and carbon fiber [ 27 ]), and in particular, metallic multi-materials (e.g., copper/silver [ 22 ]), 4D printing materials (e.g., NiTi, smart materials for soft interactive hydrogel [ 19 ]).…”

“…Wang et al [ 27 ] investigated the effects of building directions on the crystallographic anisotropy, phase composition, superelastic properties, microhardness, geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density, and impurity element content of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) fabricated by LPBF. The main idea of this study was to change the introduction of impurity elements in NiTi alloys and alter their microstructures by adjusting the LPBF building direction, which in turn affects their phase transformation temperatures and superelasticity.…”