Effects of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture on immunity and stress in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Abstract

Background The study evaluated the effects of a butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture on the immune system and stress in olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus. Methods The mixture was intramuscularly injected into olive flounders at the current recommended dose. Furthermore, to determine the toxicity of overdose, a histological examination was performed after injection of 1-, 2-, and 4-fold higher than the recommended dose. Results Immunity parameters were altered during the first 2 weeks after a single intramuscular injection of the mixture in olive flounders (average weight 20.5 ± 1.1 g). The levels of all tested items, except glutathione and anti-protease, were higher in the treated group than in the control group in the first week; the levels of all tested items were even higher in the second week in the treated group than in the control group. The level of nitro-blue tetrazolium, myeloperoxidase, and superoxide dismutase between the two groups differed significantly. Changes in the stress response to different seawater temperatures (increase or decrease in seawater temperature by 3–5 °C using 50 L heated or cooled seawater tanks) were studied by determining the changes in cortisol and glucose levels on days 1 and 7. Both cortisol and glucose levels were significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group. Histological analysis did not reveal any abnormalities after intramuscular injection of the mixture at doses that were 1-, 2-, and 4-fold higher than the recommended dose. Conclusions Intramuscular injection of a butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin mixture is safe and effective in reducing stress and improving immunity in olive flounders.

Field experiment on effect of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin complex on the immunity and stress of olive flounder at low temperature

“…BPC was found to enhance the non-specific immune response (innate immunity) in olive flounder. These results show a consistent trend alongside the results of a previous study wherein experiments were conducted at the appropriate water temperature (Kim et al, 2020). However, this experiment revealed differences in activity over time (for the first and second weeks) in LZM, NBT, and MPO.…”

“…However, this experiment revealed differences in activity over time (for the first and second weeks) in LZM, NBT, and MPO. Kim et al (2020) did not appear greater than the results. This discrepancy may be related to the different breeding conditions involved in the experiments (i.e., water temperature, olive flounder size, number of flounder, and laboratory versus field conditions).…”

“…Mechesso et al (2019) reported that in the high-density culture of the olive flounder, BPC suppressed damage to the immune system and tissues. In addition, Kim et al (2020) confirmed that BPC induces a lower stress response from water-temperature changes by lowering cortisol levels in the olive flounder. It has also been reported that BPC improves egg production and reproductive function in female Nile tilapia (Alkobaby, 2008).…”

“…The results from this study were consistent with previous findings, with the exception of mortality rate. In Kim et al (2020), an increased mortality rate was not recorded during the test period. Conversely, this experiment recorded some mortality; this discrepancy may be owing to variations in experimental conditions as there were differences between the laboratory test conditions and aquaculture site conditions (e.g., water temperature and the number of fish).…”

“…Butaphosphan and vitamins are classified as safe substances (EMA, 2014;MFDS, 2013). Kim et al (2020) found that general safety tests (i.e., feeding, behavior, branchial movement, internal and external features, mortality) showed no negative repercussions from the intramuscular injection of the recommended dose of BPC in olive flounder at the optimum water temperature. The results from this study were consistent with previous findings, with the exception of mortality rate.…”