Effects of Cages and Semi-Intensive Deep Litter Pens on the Behaviour, Adrenal Response and Production in Two Strains of Laying Hens

Bareham, Julia

doi:10.1016/s0007-1935(17)37088-4

Cited by 63 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The results also show that vigorous wing movements are rarely performed by caged hens, as also reported by Bareham (1972) and Black and Hughes (1974). This supports the hypothesis that the reduction in strength is attributable to restriction of movement, and for the wing bones the lack of free opportunity to use the wings may be especially important.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Bone strength of laying hens kept in an alternative system, compared with hens in cages and on deep‐litter

Nørgaard-Nielsen

1990

British Poultry Science

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1. Observations of vigorous wing movements and measurements of bone strength were compared in two experiments with birds in three different housing systems: a semi-intensive alternative system under development, a battery cage system and a deep-litter system. 2. A significant effect of housing system on the frequency of vigorous wing movements was found. The highest frequency was seen in the deep-litter system, about half this number in the alternative system, while in the battery cages they were never observed. 3. Corresponding to this a reduction in humerus strength of 9% was found in hens from the alternative system and of 45% in hens from cages, compared with deep-litter. A reduction in tibial breaking strength was also found in caged hens, when compared to deep-litter hens. 4. Keeping hens in cages thus restricts their movements, especially wing movements, to the degree that bone strength is greatly reduced. 5. This has welfare implications, for hens with low bone breaking strength risk a possibility of breakage, especially when handled and transported. When alternative systems are designed opportunities for movement in the three dimensions should be considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Bone strength of laying hens kept in an alternative system, compared with hens in cages and on deep‐litter

Nørgaard-Nielsen

1990

British Poultry Science

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“…In another study the same authors (Bhattacharya and Ghosh, 1972) modified the tracing method by using a planimeter technique as Oakberg (1951) had done. Bareham (1972) achieved his calculations by a method not dissimilar to ours. He projected sections of adrenal gland on to squared paper and estimated " the proportion of mm squares containing predominantly interrenal or chromaffin tissue in three selected areas ".…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adrenal cortico‐medullary ratio in the fowl

Siller

Teague

Mackenzie

1975

British Poultry Science

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1. A new integrating method of assessing the proportions of cortical and medullary tissue in the avian adrenal gland is described and statistically evaluated. 2. It is shown that a single "central" section of the adrenal gland will suffice to obtain accurate results. 3. Each section was projected on to a grid of about 2500 intersection points and the ratio of points falling on cortical or medullary tissue was determined. 4. Applications of this method to normal fowls showed that there were significant breed, sex and, particularly, age differences in the cortico-medullary ratio of the fowl's adrenal glands.

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“…Sensory input may be rewarding in a dull, unstimulating environment (e.g. Hinde 1970, page 557;Bareham 1972;Broom 1983Broom , 1987.…”

Section: Consequences Of Stereotypymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of correlations between stereotypies and physiological signs of coping include some behaviour patterns of domestic fowl: pacing is associated with a fall in corticosteroid levels (Duncan 1970), and head-flicking correlates negatively with adrenal weight (Bareham 1972, cf. Dawkins 1980, page 71 and Odberg 1987a, who misquoted this paper).…”

Section: Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypies: a critical review

1991

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Abstract. Stereotypies are repetitive, invariant behaviour patterns with no obvious goal or function. They seem to be restricted to captive animals, mentally ill or handicapped humans, and subjects given stimulant drugs. In this respect they are abnormal, although possibly the product of normal behavioural processes. Stereotypies are often associated with past or present sub-optimal aspects of the environment, and have been used as a welfare indicator. It has been hypothesized that stereotypies have beneficial consequences which reinforce their performance, although other means, such as positive feedback, may equally explain their persistence. Empirical evidence links them with lowered awareness of external events, and reduced arousal and distress. However, as most of this evidence is correlational it remains uncertain that the stereotypies are themselves the cause of coping. Furthermore, they are heterogeneous in source of origin, proximate causation and physical characteristics, and they change over time in important respects, becoming more readily elicited by a wider range of circumstances. Therefore the properties of one stereotypy are not necessarily those of another.

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Effects of Cages and Semi-Intensive Deep Litter Pens on the Behaviour, Adrenal Response and Production in Two Strains of Laying Hens

Cited by 63 publications

References 30 publications

Bone strength of laying hens kept in an alternative system, compared with hens in cages and on deep‐litter

Bone strength of laying hens kept in an alternative system, compared with hens in cages and on deep‐litter

The adrenal cortico‐medullary ratio in the fowl

Stereotypies: a critical review

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