Effects of Carbon Dioxide, Water Supply, and Seasonality on Terpene Content and Emission by Rosmarinus officinalis

Abstract

Abstract-Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants were grown under carbon dioxide concentrations of 350 and 700 jtmol/mol (atmospheric CO, and elevated CO,) and under two levels of irrigation (high water and low water) from October I, 1994 to May 31, 1996. Elevated CO, led to increasingly larger monthly growth rates than the atmospheric CO, treatments. The increase was 9.5% in spring 1995, 23% in summer 1995, and 53% in spring 1996 in the high-water treatments, whereas in low-water treatments the growth response to elevated CO, was constrained until the second year spring, when there was a 47% increase. The terpene concentration was slightly larger in the elevated CO, treatments than in atmospheric CO, treatments and reached a maximum 37% difference in spring 1996. There was no significant effect of water treatment, likely as a result of a mild low water treatment for a Mediterranean plant. Terpene concentration increased throughout the period of study, indicating possible age effects. The most abundant terpenes were a-pinene, cineole, camphor, borneol, and verbenone, which represented about 75% of the total. No significant differences were found in the terpene composition of the plants in the different treatments or seasons. The emission of volatile terpenes was much larger in spring (about 75 /ig/dry wt/hr) than in autumn (about 10 /ig/ dry wt/hr), partly because of higher temperature and partly because of seasonal effect, but no significant difference was found because of CO, or water treatment. The main terpene emitted was a-pinene, which represented about 50% of the total. There was no clear correlation between content and emission, either quantitatively or qualitatively. More volatile terpenes were proportionally more important in the total emission than in total content and in autumn than in spring.

The leaf-level emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: caveats, model algorithms, response shapes and scaling

“…The immediate CO 2 effects are expected to be small for terpene emissions from storage tissues, but effects similar to isoprene emissions are predicted for emissions of de novo synthesized terpenes. In agreement with this expectation, monoterpene emission rates were not different at 350 and 700 µmol mol −1 in terpenestoring species Rosmarinus officinalis (Peñuelas and Llusià, 1997). However, contrary to the predictions, monoterpene emission rates from the foliage of evergreen broad-leaved Quercus ilex that does not have specialized terpene storage tissues were also not significantly different between 350 and 1500 µmol mol −1 in Loreto et al (1996b) and between 350 and 700 µmol mol −1 in Staudt et al (2001a), although photosynthesis was stimulated by 1.4-1.8-fold by higher CO 2 in these studies.…”

The emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: stress, acclimation, and developmental responses

“…By now, some studies have reported a decrease rather than an increase in leaf monoterpene contents under elevated CO 2 (Litvak et al, 2002;Räisänen et al, 2008a;Snow et al, 2003), while other studies have reported unaffected monoterpene contents (Constable et al, 1999;Peñuelas and Llusià, 1997), overall not agreeing with theoretical predictions. For the emissions, the studies have found a non-significant effect of elevated CO 2 (Constable et al, 1999;Li et al, 2009;Llorens et al, 2009;Peñuelas and Llusià, 1997) or an increase or a decrease under high CO 2 , depending on species and time of sampling (Llorens et al, 2009).…”

“…For the emissions, the studies have found a non-significant effect of elevated CO 2 (Constable et al, 1999;Li et al, 2009;Llorens et al, 2009;Peñuelas and Llusià, 1997) or an increase or a decrease under high CO 2 , depending on species and time of sampling (Llorens et al, 2009). In Räisänen et al (2008b), elevated CO 2 alone did not affect the emissions, but a combination of high growth temperature and elevated CO 2 resulted in greater emissions.…”

Emission of Plutella xylostella-Induced Compounds from Cabbages Grown at Elevated CO2 and Orientation Behavior of the Natural Enemies

“…Presumably higher trophic levels, predators, and parasitoids will also be affected through changes in the host plant quality. An elevated CO 2 concentration has evoked variable changes in the MT emission of plants: no effect (Peñ uelas and Llusià, 1997;Constable et al, 1999b), MT emission has been higher at elevated CO 2 than at ambient air (Staudt et al, 2001), or CO 2 exposure has decreased total MT emission (Loreto et al, 2001;Vuorinen et al, 2004). Changes in the emitted MTs and other compounds might be dependent on the availability of photosynthetic carbon which is needed in the production of volatiles (Loreto et al, 2001).…”