“…According to previous studies [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ], the existence of an external electric field (EF) impacts the geometric structure, substrate–adsorbate interaction, and electrical characteristics. Additionally, the electric field has a significant impact on key sensor properties such as the adsorption energy (E ads ), sensitivity, and recovery time (τ).…”