Effects of Centrally-Acting Drugs on Human Motor and Psychomotor Performance

Wenzel, Duane G.; Rutledge, Charles O.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600510706

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…As the author suggested, it may have been due to a change in criterion. Wenzel and Rutledge (1962) reported that small doses of caffeine (100 and 200 mg) improved complex visual reaction time relative to a placebo but that a 300-mg dose hurt performance. In the same study large doses of amphetamine did not similarly hurt performance, so this finding has to be viewed with some caution.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This finding was not replicated in a subsequent study (as reported by Frowein, 1981) and must be considered tentative. The Wenzel and Rutledge (1962) study also involved a complex but not necessarily incompatible mapping, so it is possible that the effects of stimulant drugs on reaction time are moderated by stimulus-response compatability. It is interesting to note that incompatible stimulus-response mappings introduce an episodic-memory component into the task, so these effects may be examples of memoryinduced arousal deficits.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing.

Humphreys

Revelle²

1984

Psychological Review

739

520

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We introduce a model to relate the personality dimensions of introversion-extraversion, achievement motivation, and anxiety to efficient cognitive performance. We show how these personality dimensions in combination with situational moderators (e.g., success, failure, time pressure, incentives, time of day, and stimulant drugs) affect the motivational constructs of arousal and effort. We propose a general information-processing model that accounts for the systematic effects of these motivational states on certain task components (sustained information transfer and some aspect of short-term memory). We combine empirical generalizations about task components in a structural model and derive testable predictions that differentiate alternative motivational hypotheses.There are two major approaches to the study of human intellectual performance. The first focuses on the effect of personality and individual differences, and the second attempts toThe order of authorship is arbitrary. This research was supported in part by Grant MH29209(01-04) from the National Institute of Mental Health to both authors, in part by Grant MH29209(05-07) from the National Institute of Mental Health to William Revelle, and in part by a grant from the University of Queensland to Michael Humphreys. Preparation of an earlier draft of the article done at Oxford University was supported in part by Fogarty Senior International Fellowship TW00580 from the National Institutes of Health to William Revelle.We gratefully acknowledge the suggestions and comments made on earlier drafts of this article by K. Anderson, J. Atkinson, D. Birch, D. Broadbent, C. Duncan, H. J. Eysenck, L. Goldberg, J. A. Gray, M. J. Lynch, G. Mandler, J. Onken, T. Rocklin, and B. Underwood. We particularly appreciate the many hours of discussion and criticism given to us by our students. We would also like to thank N. Block, R. Conti, T. Lederer, L. Smith, and R. Shore for their assistance in preparing the various drafts.Requests for reprints should be sent to William Revelle, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201 or to Michael S. Humphreys, Department of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4067. develop general laws of cognitive psychology or information processing. Although these two approaches rarely are combined, it is difficult to find an example of cognitive performance that is not better understood by a combination of both areas. In this article we propose a theory that integrates these two fundamentally different paradigms.We believe that theoretical and empirical work on at least three personality dimensions poses a problem for anyone interested in the relationships of personality to efficient cognitive performance. These three areas of personality (introversion-extraversion, I/E; achievement motivation; and anxiety) have been shown in a number of studies to be relatively independent. Furthermore, research in all three areas has dealt with the situational and motivational determina...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing.

Humphreys

Revelle²

1984

Psychological Review

739

520

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There is also a dose-related improvement in simple visual reaction time with caffeine use but an inverse relationship with complex reaction time (Wenzel and Rutledge 1962). Caffeine acts as a stimulant to spinal reflex centers (Wood 1912), but has been successfully substituted for or has been given in conjunction with methylphenadate or dextroamphetamine (schedule I1 stimulants) in the treatment of hyperkinetic children (Schnackenberg 1973;Fras 1974).…”

Section: Pharmacological Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Caffeine

Lachance

1982

Journal of Food Safety

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The widespread use of caffeine is most commonly linked to the stimulatory action it has on the central nervous system. Generally, adverse effects include gastrorrhea, insomnia, and diuresis. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms have been observed and excessive consumption can lead to an anxiety neurosis condition (caffeinism). The actions of caffeine may involve its effects on neurotransmitter turnover and metabolism; its promotion of the cellular messenger, cAMP; its sensitization of the calcium releasing mechanisms of cellular reticulum; or its antagonism of the autacoid, adenosine. Caffeine lethality is rare in man but caffeine poisoning with its gastrointestinal, CNS, and cardiovascular stimulation could especially be hazardous to children. Most of the mutagenicity work has been performed in organisms whose cellular DNA synthesis and repair mechanism vary significantly from those found in man. The work in human cell lines suggests that caffeine‐induced chromosomal breakage, with its lack of chromatid exchange would promote cell lethality, not muta‐genticity. Nothing but circumstantial evidence implicates caffeine as a human carcinogen or teratogen. Involvement of caffeine as a cocarcinogen or a coteratogen (which includes effects on gamete production or fetal development) appears far more likely, but neither has even begun to be truly evaluated. Basic metabolism of caffeine involves the processes of N‐demethylation, hydration, and oxidation; and most likely requires the cytochrome P1‐450 system. Though various metabolites of caffeine are pharmacologically active, the extent of involvement of individual metabolites in the pharmacological or toxicological responses of caffeine in man is still unknown.

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“…Furthermore, there are numerous reports in the literature about the quick onset of action of this drug in man, its mood-elevating effect being noticeable within one hour of oral administration and a maximum effect within four to six hours. [2][3][4][5][6][7] According to the case history, the patient was found in the morning with the complications attributed to methylphenidate and guanethidine therapy. The last dose of methylphenidate 5 …”

Section: Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%