Effects of Certain Growth Substances on the Growth and Morphogenesis of Immature Embryos of Capsella in Culture

Raghavan, V.; Torrey, John G.

doi:10.1104/pp.39.4.691

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…1E). Similar results were reported for other plant species (Beattie andGarrett 1995, Raghavan andTorrey 1964b). In this work, callus formation was also detected in embryos cultured in media containing the highest levels of TDZ, but further embryo development was not observed.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

In Vitro Culture of Rudimentary Embryos of Ilex paraguariensis: Responses to Exogenous Cytokinins

Sansberro¹,

Rey²,

Mroginski³

et al. 1998

J Plant Growth Regul

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The effects of benzyladenine (BAP), kinetin (KIN), zeatin (ZEA), isopentenyladenine (2iP), and thidiazuron (TDZ) were studied on in vitro growth of rudimentary embryos of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. Heart stage zygotic embryos were removed from seeds of immature, light green fruits and cultured aseptically on quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.65% agar, and supplemented with or without three concentrations of BAP, KIN, ZEA, 2iP, or TDZ. Cultures were incubated in darkness at 27 ± 2°C. Media containing 4.4 × 10 −6 M BAP, 4.6 × 10 −6 M KIN, or 4.9 × 10 −6 M 2iP were totally ineffective in inducing embryo growth after culture for 28 days. However, lower concentrations of these compounds (4.4 × 10 −8 M BAP, 4.6 × 10 −8 M KIN, 4.5 × 10 −8 M ZEA, or 4.9 × 10 −8 M 2iP) promoted embryo growth. TDZ at 9.9 × 10 −9 M, 9.9 × 10 −8 M, or 9.9 × 10 −7 M induced embryo growth at similar rates. The maximum percentage of embryos converted to seedlings was achieved when the medium was supplemented with 4.5 × 10 −7 M ZEA.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

In Vitro Culture of Rudimentary Embryos of Ilex paraguariensis: Responses to Exogenous Cytokinins

Sansberro¹,

Rey²,

Mroginski³

et al. 1998

J Plant Growth Regul

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“…Since plant growth hormones may also modify membrane permeability (7) and, especially, alter the uptake of other hormones (5), (18); others used kinetin (9). Excised zygotic embryos, especially if immature, profited from either coconut milk (24) or cytokinins (14). However, somatic embryos have been grown in hormone-free media (2) and, as also reported here, cytokinins disrupt their development (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, somatic embryos have been grown in hormone-free media (2) and, as also reported here, cytokinins disrupt their development (8). Gibberellins promoted the development of some excised zygotic embryos (6); with others, it inhibited shoot initiation and promoted root growth (14). ABA has promoted callus formation on Ipomea cotyledons (16) and inhibited callusing of excised immature barley embryos (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal Control of Somatic Embryo Development from Cultured Cells of Caraway

Ammirato¹

1977

Plant Physiol.

137

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The effects of abscisic acid, zeatin, and gibberellic acid on the development of somatic embryos from cultured cells of caraway (Carum carvi L.) were observed.Somatic embryos complete development on a basal medium without exogenous hormones, but some are subject to developmental abnormalities induding malformed cotyledons and accessory embryos. Both zeatin and gibberellic acid, especialy in combination, stimulate growth and increase the frequency of aberrant forms. Zeatin causes the formation of multiple shoots, leafy and abnormal cotyledons, and in the dark, enlarged hypocotybls; gibberelic acid effects root elongation, polycotyledony, and some caflus formation. In contrast, abscisic acid, at concentrations which do not inhibit embryo maturation, selectively suppresses abnormal proliferations. With abscisic acid, and especially in the dark, a high percentage of embryos complete development with two fleshy cotyledons on unelongated axes free of accessory embryos.In the light, zeatin eliminates abscisic acid inhibition while gibberellic acid only partially counters its effect, promoting elongated radicles and green rather than white cotyledons. In the dark, zeatin in combination with abscisic acid stimulates extensive callusing. Gibberellic acid does not reverse the effects of abscisic acid but rather enhances them and can counter the disruptive effects of zeatin.The results demonstrate that the balance between abscisic acid on the one hand and zeatin and gibberellic acid on the other can effectively control somatic embryo development and either disrupt or ensure normal maturation.Embryos can now be readily grown from cultured cells of certain angiosperms such as caraway (2) or carrot (3) following a simple sequential procedure. These somatic embryos are structurally comparable to zygotic embryos (19): they pass through the same globular, heart-shaped and torpedo stages as do seed embryos and give rise to axes with a root apex at one pole and cotyledons and a shoot apex at the other.In populations of somatic embryos, there is a range of aberrant forms in addition to dicotyledonous embryos: embryos with too few, too many, or malformed cotyledons or callused shoots; those with accessory embryos along the hypocotyl; and multiple embryos with many root-shoot axes arising from one morphogenetic unit. The frequency of occurrence of these unusual forms can vary from experiment to experiment or from culture to culture but is generally high enough to be in contrast to the uniformity seen in zygotic embryos where, with the exception of ISupported by a Barnard College Research Grant. differences in length, the frequency of abnormal forms is rather low. Why does the course of development proceed normally in zygotic and some somatic embryos while in others it is diverted? It has been suggested (3) that these changes may be related to imbalances in the culture medium or environment. If that is the case, modifications in these parameters may serve to reestablish a balance and consequently foster more normal embryogenesi...

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“…Quantitative measures of each were obtained by combining the results of the Somogyi-Nelson determination of reducing sugar and total sugar with the results of the Glucostat test (Table IV) (17) reported that higher osmolarity was essential for the normal culture of younger embryos of several species. Some disagreement with this finding has been voiced, notably by Raghavan and Torrey (15), but there is some doubt that their Capsella embryos are free of the precocious germination syndrome. Norstog (13) found that high osmolarity was required to prevent the precocious germination of young barley embryos in the dark.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Embryo Development in Phaseolus vulgaris

Smith¹

1973

Plant Physiol.

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Endosperm liquid bathes the embryo of Phaseolus vulgaris from the heart stage through the late cotyledon stage. This liquid was aspirated from many ovules of the same stage, pooled, and analyzed for the following constituents and parameters:1. Osmolarity and pH, using freezing point depression and Hydrion paper.2. The elements Ca, K, P, and Mg, using the electron microprobe, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the Bartlett modification of the Fiske-SubbaRow P determination method. The ovule of the snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., is filled with liquid during much of the development of the embryo, i.e., from the end of the globular stage to the end of the late cotyledon stage (19). This liquid is contained within a thin sack of endosperm cytoplasm and bathes the embryo, separated from it by only a thin layer of cellular endosperm. Bean embryos cultured in vitro should grow and develop best in a culture environment most nearly like that in vivo. Thus, analyses of this liquid were made for several stages, i.e., the heart, early cotyledon, and later cotyledon stages. This paper reports the analyses of K, Ca, Mg, P, and NH4, ions, organic and amino acids, and sugars, which together comprise about 76% of the solutes in the late cotyledon stage on an osmolar basis. It does not cover analyses of protein, hormones, sugar alcohols, and an unknown acid component. Somewhat similar analyses have been reported for the endosperm liquids of coconut (22) and cotton (10). MATERIALS AND METHODSFresh beans of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. "Black Valentine" and "Topcrop" were obtained from plants grown in flats in the greenhouse throughout the year. The mean day temperature of the greenhouse was 26 C, and the mean night temperature was 22 C. Additional material was grown in field plots and the Matthaei Botanical Gardens during the summer or purchased from local stores. Materials purchased commercially were used only for the verification of ionic composition and for the preliminary investigation of organic acid content.Osmolarity and pH. Osmolarity was determined by the freezing point depression method of Prosser (14). Endosperm liquid from globular stage, heart stage, early cotyledon stage, and late cotyledon stage ovules was drawn into melting point capillary tubes. These were frozen in a Dry Ice-salt water slurry and visualized with polarized light, as were NaCl standards. Time to melting was used to compute osmolarity. Three different sets of samples were used, and four determinations were run on each set.Because the volume of endosperm liquid was very small, 454www.plantphysiol.org on May 11, 2018 -Published by Downloaded from

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Effects of Certain Growth Substances on the Growth and Morphogenesis of Immature Embryos of Capsella in Culture

Cited by 40 publications

References 12 publications

In Vitro Culture of Rudimentary Embryos of Ilex paraguariensis: Responses to Exogenous Cytokinins

In Vitro Culture of Rudimentary Embryos of Ilex paraguariensis: Responses to Exogenous Cytokinins

Hormonal Control of Somatic Embryo Development from Cultured Cells of Caraway

Embryo Development in Phaseolus vulgaris

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