Effects of chewing gum on mood, learning, memory and performance of an intelligence test

Smith, Andrew Paul

doi:10.1179/147683009x423247

Cited by 44 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The increase in alertness for the chewing gum condition post-stressor is consistent with the findings of Scholey et al (2009) andSmith (2009a;2009b;2010). In addition, this finding supports data from our laboratory (Johnson, Miles, Harrison, Haddrell, Osborne, Wilson, and Jenks, in preparation) showing that pupillary unrest (a physiological measure inversely associated with alertness, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This physiological effect was mirrored by significant reductions in both self-rated stress and state anxiety in the chewing gum condition coupled with significantly higher levels of self-rated alertness (see also Smith 2009aSmith , 2009b, and 2010 for effects on alertness). Furthermore, Smith's (2009c) survey data corroborate the self-rated data of Scholey et al, such that gum chewers (compared to non-chewers) reported significantly lower levels of extreme work stress, life stress, lifetime instances of high blood pressure, and lifetime incidences of high cholesterol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…For instance, initial reports of facilitated memory performance following the chewing of gum (Wilkinson, Scholey, and Wesnes, 2002;Stephens and Tunney, 2004;Baker, Bezance, Zellaby, and Aggleton 2004) have proved difficult to replicate (e.g. Tucha, Mecklinger, Maier, Hammerl, and Lange, 2004;Miles, 2007, 2008;Smith 2009a;2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

et al. 2011

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Dr. Richard Stephens and an anonymous reviewer for their suggested improvements to the manuscript. 3 AbstractThe finding that chewing gum can moderate stress and mood changes following a multi-task cognitive stressor (Scholey, Haskell, Robertson, Kennedy, Milne, and Wetherell, 2009) was re-examined. In a repeated measures cross-over design, thirty participants completed a 20-minute multi-tasking stressor on consecutive days, both with and without chewing gum. Both prior to and post stressor, participants provided salivary cortisol samples and self-rated measures of stress, state anxiety, calmness, contentedness, and alertness. Contrary to Scholey et al. (2009), chewing gum failed to

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

et al. 2011

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“…Second, the present study failed to replicate the accentuating effect of chewing gum on self-rated alertness found in previous work (e.g. Scholey et al, 2009;Smith 2009bSmith , 2010Sketchley-Kaye et al, 2011). However, speculative post-hoc analysis via independent sample t-test comparisons at each stage of the study revealed some evidence that gum was impacting alertness.…”

Section: Self-rated Stresscontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Here, gum may improve cognitive performance (e.g. see Smith, 2009b;Wilkinson et al, 2002), reducing stress epiphenomenally. In the present social stressor, the gum may provide a distracting activity that reduces participant focus on the observation process (e.g.…”

Section: Self-rated Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

et al. 2012

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Dr. Lara Tucha for her comments on an earlier draft and the later comments from both Prof. Debra Zellner and an anonymous reviewer. AbstractUncertainty exists with respect to the extent to which chewing gum may attenuate stressinduced rises in cortisol secretion (Scholey et al., 2009;Smith, 2010;Johnson et al., 2011).The present study used the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST: Kirschbaum et al., 1993), a task known to elevate cortisol secretion (Kudielka et al., 2004), in order to examine the moderating physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress. Forty participants completed the TSST either with or without chewing gum. As expected, completion of the TSST elevated both cortisol and subjective stress levels, whilst impairing mood. Although gum moderated the perception of stress, cortisol concentrations were higher following the chewing of gum. The findings are consistent with Smith (2010) who argued that elevations in cortisol following the chewing of gum reflect heightened arousal. The findings suggest that chewing gum only benefits subjective measures of stress. The mechanism remains unclear; however, this may reflect increased cerebral blood flow, cognitive distraction, and/or effects secondary to task facilitation.

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Chewing gum while studying: Effects on alertness and test performance

Ginns

Kim

Zervos

2018

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Recent research has demonstrated chewing gum can enhance various cognitive processes associated with learning, but most studies have used cognitive functioning tasks (e.g., selective attention and working memory) as outcomes. Across two experiments, we investigated effects of chewing gum on self-reports of alertness and test performance following study of realistic educational materials. In Experiment 1 (n = 40), adult participants who chewed gum while studying a 20-min physiology lesson outperformed a nonchewing condition on subsequent terminology and comprehension tests, but did not report higher levels of postlesson alertness as hypothesised. In Experiment 2 (n = 39), adult participants who chewed gum while studying a 9-min lesson on a mental mathematics strategy outperformed a nonchewing condition on a subsequent problem-solving test, whereas also reporting higher levels of postlesson alertness.The results provide initial support for chewing gum while studying realistic educational materials across a range of topics and study durations.

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Effects of chewing gum on mood, learning, memory and performance of an intelligence test

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

Chewing gum while studying: Effects on alertness and test performance

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