Effects of chewing gum on cognitive function, mood and physiology in stressed and non-stressed volunteers

Smith, Andrew Paul

doi:10.1179/147683010x12611460763526

Cited by 83 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The increase in alertness for the chewing gum condition post-stressor is consistent with the findings of Scholey et al (2009) andSmith (2009a;2009b;2010). In addition, this finding supports data from our laboratory (Johnson, Miles, Harrison, Haddrell, Osborne, Wilson, and Jenks, in preparation) showing that pupillary unrest (a physiological measure inversely associated with alertness, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…For instance, initial reports of facilitated memory performance following the chewing of gum (Wilkinson, Scholey, and Wesnes, 2002;Stephens and Tunney, 2004;Baker, Bezance, Zellaby, and Aggleton 2004) have proved difficult to replicate (e.g. Tucha, Mecklinger, Maier, Hammerl, and Lange, 2004;Miles, 2007, 2008;Smith 2009a;2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants completed a 20-minute 4-component multi-task stressor both with and without chewing gum and results showed that salivary cortisol was reduced in the chewing gum condition compared to the no gum condition (in contrast, see Smith, 2010, where chewing gum increased cortisol concentrations).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

et al. 2011

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Dr. Richard Stephens and an anonymous reviewer for their suggested improvements to the manuscript. 3 AbstractThe finding that chewing gum can moderate stress and mood changes following a multi-task cognitive stressor (Scholey, Haskell, Robertson, Kennedy, Milne, and Wetherell, 2009) was re-examined. In a repeated measures cross-over design, thirty participants completed a 20-minute multi-tasking stressor on consecutive days, both with and without chewing gum. Both prior to and post stressor, participants provided salivary cortisol samples and self-rated measures of stress, state anxiety, calmness, contentedness, and alertness. Contrary to Scholey et al. (2009), chewing gum failed to

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

et al. 2011

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“…Moreover, the use of xylitol chewing gum as an adjunct to tooth brushing is beneficial for oral hygiene including plaque control, based on a systematic review of the literature (Keukenmeester et al 2013). Previous studies have also reported that chewing gum may relieve stress and depression (Scholey et al 2009;Smith 2010;Smith et al 2012;Yu et al 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chewing Xylitol Gum Improves Self-Rated and Objective Indicators of Oral Health Status under Conditions Interrupting Regular Oral Hygiene

Hashiba

Takeuchi

Shimazaki

et al. 2015

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Chewing xylitol gum provides oral health benefits including inhibiting Streptococcus mutans plaque. It is thought to be especially effective in conditions where it is difficult to perform daily oral cleaning. Our study aim was to determine the effects of chewing xylitol gum on self-rated and objective oral health status under a condition interfering with oral hygiene maintenance. A randomized controlled intervention trial was conducted on 55 healthy ≥ 20-year-old men recruited from the Japan Ground Self Defense Force who were undergoing field training. Participants were randomly assigned to a test group (chewing gum; n = 27) or a control group (no gum; n = 28) and the researchers were blinded to the group assignments. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores of oral conditions subjectively evaluated oral health, and the stimulated salivary bacteria quantity objectively evaluated oral health 1 day before field training (baseline) and 4 days after the beginning of field training (follow-up). VAS scores of all three oral conditions significantly increased in the control group (malodor: p < 0.001; discomfort: p < 0.001; dryness: p < 0.001), but only two VAS scores increased in the test group (malodor: p = 0.021; discomfort: p = 0.002). The number of salivary total bacteria significantly increased in the control group (p < 0.01), while no significant change was observed in the test group (p = 0.668). Chewing xylitol gum positively affects self-rated and objective oral health status by controlling oral hygiene under conditions that interfere with oral hygiene maintenance.

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Dr. Lara Tucha for her comments on an earlier draft and the later comments from both Prof. Debra Zellner and an anonymous reviewer.

AbstractUncertainty exists with respect to the extent to which chewing gum may attenuate stressinduced rises in cortisol secretion (Scholey et al, 2009;Smith, 2010;Johnson et al, 2011).The present study used the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST: Kirschbaum et al, 1993), a task known to elevate cortisol secretion (Kudielka et al, 2004), in order to examine the moderating physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress. Forty participants completed the TSST either with or without chewing gum.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

et al. 2012

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Dr. Lara Tucha for her comments on an earlier draft and the later comments from both Prof. Debra Zellner and an anonymous reviewer. AbstractUncertainty exists with respect to the extent to which chewing gum may attenuate stressinduced rises in cortisol secretion (Scholey et al., 2009;Smith, 2010;Johnson et al., 2011).The present study used the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST: Kirschbaum et al., 1993), a task known to elevate cortisol secretion (Kudielka et al., 2004), in order to examine the moderating physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress. Forty participants completed the TSST either with or without chewing gum. As expected, completion of the TSST elevated both cortisol and subjective stress levels, whilst impairing mood. Although gum moderated the perception of stress, cortisol concentrations were higher following the chewing of gum. The findings are consistent with Smith (2010) who argued that elevations in cortisol following the chewing of gum reflect heightened arousal. The findings suggest that chewing gum only benefits subjective measures of stress. The mechanism remains unclear; however, this may reflect increased cerebral blood flow, cognitive distraction, and/or effects secondary to task facilitation.

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Effects of chewing gum on cognitive function, mood and physiology in stressed and non-stressed volunteers

Cited by 83 publications

References 33 publications

Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination

Chewing Xylitol Gum Improves Self-Rated and Objective Indicators of Oral Health Status under Conditions Interrupting Regular Oral Hygiene

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

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