Effects of Chlorinated Paraffin and ZDDP Concentrations on Boundary Lubrication Properties of Mineral and Soybean Oils

Asadauskas, Svajus; Biresaw, Girma; McClure, Ted G.

doi:10.1007/s11249-009-9496-5

Cited by 37 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It was also found that there is a positive improvement to tribological properties of coconut oil when added with 2 wt% of the AW/EP additive. Moreover, Asadauskas et al [17] reported that ZDDP performs more e ectively as EP additives in soybean oil, compared with mineral oil.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tribological behavior of refined, bleached and deodorized palm kernel as an alternative lubricant

Farhanah

Samion

2017

Scientia Iranica

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Abstract. The e ects of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) concentration on tribological behavior of the Re ned, Bleached, and Deodorized (RBD) palm kernel were analyzed using a pin-on-disk tribotester. RBD palm kernel was selected as a base lubricant due to its availability, low price, renewability, and being environmentally friendly. Commercial mineral oil (SAE 40) was used for comparison. The tests were performed at 2.5 m/s sliding speed under 9.8 N applied load for 60 minutes at 25 C temperature ( 2 C). Worn surface of the pin was measured by the optical microscope to understand the wear mechanism involved. Compared with SAE 40, experimental results show that the addition of 5 wt% of ZDDP reduced the coe cient of friction to 21%. However, the anti-wear property was still lower, approximately at 23%. Besides, the tribological behavior of RBD palm kernel was improved with ZDDP additive concentration above 1 wt% where the best performance was at 5 wt%. At this concentration level, ZDDP additive was able to protect the surface against wear and oxidation and, at the same time, reduce coe cient of friction, wear rate, and surface roughness values.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological behavior of refined, bleached and deodorized palm kernel as an alternative lubricant

Farhanah

Samion

2017

Scientia Iranica

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“…Such lubricants displayed a number of beneficial tribological properties including high viscosity index (VI), low volatility, low boundary friction, enhanced extreme-pressure (EP) additive performance, and low traction coefficient [4][5][6][7][8]. Such oils also displayed a number of misgivings such as poor oxidation stability, poor cold flow property, poor hydrolytic stability, and poor bioresistance relative to petroleum-based oils [1,4,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Properties of Limonene Bisphosphonates

Biresaw

Bantchev

2015

Tribol Lett

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Limonene was chemically modified by reacting it with dialkyl phosphites of varying alkyl structures under inert atmosphere in the presence of free radical initiators. The reaction gave a mixture of mono-and di-adduct products and was optimized to produce only the di-adduct product limonene bisphosphonate by forcing both limonene double bonds to react completely. The product mixture was carefully characterized using a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H, 13 C, 31 P). The bisphosphonates were investigated for their physical and tribological properties. The alkyl bisphosphonates displayed density and viscosity that was a function of the alkyl structure (methyl, ethyl, n-butyl) and much higher than the values for the unreacted limonene. They also displayed improved oxidation stability but lower viscosity index and solubility in polyalphaolefin (PAO6) and higholeic sunflower oil (HOSuO) base oils. Tribological characterization of the neat modified oils on a four-ball tribometer showed improved extreme-pressure weld point by all three di-adducts and improved anti-wear coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) by the nbutyl di-adduct only. The limonene bisphosphonates also displayed improved COF and WSD as additives in PAO6 and HOSuO base oils at low concentrations. The effects of chemical modifications on physical and tribological properties can be explained in terms of increased polarity of the modified products, insertion of heavy atoms (from PO 3 ) into the limonene structure, and complete absence of unsaturation in the modified products.

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“…Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), as a multifunctional additive and inhibitor in petroleum industry, works mainly as antiwear, antioxidant, and anticorrosion agent [1,2] . ZDDP mixed with lube base oils (LBOs) has been used to study the effect of concentration on lubrication boundary and tribological properties [3] . The concentration of ZDDP in LBOs plays a crucial role in formulation, which is a balance of many different aspects of performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…ZDDP mixed with lube base oils (LBOs) has been used to study the effect of concentration on lubrication boundary and tribological properties [3] . The concentration of ZDDP in LBOs plays a crucial role in formulation, which is a balance of many different aspects of performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The frequency shift occurs more significantly at peak 3 than that at peak 1, with a decrease of interaction strength between the ZDDP and LBO molecules. The concentration of ZDDP in LBO has a significant effect on the performance of lubricating oils under boundary lubrication conditions; thus, ZDDP at lower concentrations (0.1%-5%) could be used in normal engine oils for maximum wear protection [3] . To study the usefulness of the standard absorption coefficients of ZDDP-Korea70, the calculated concentrations from the α(ν) was compared with the actual mixing ratio from 0.088% to 3.489%.…”

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Diffusion interaction and quantitative analysis of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate content in lube base oils in terahertz regime

Tian¹,

Zhao²,

Zhou³

et al. 2011

中国光学快报

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We investigate the diffusion interaction and quantitative analysis of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) mixed with lube base oil (LBO) at different concentrations using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). When the concentration exceeds 6.78%, the characteristic absorption peaks exhibit significantly shift, and the absorption coefficient peak value is nonlinear against concentration. Moreover, the absorption coefficients of mixed samples follow the Beer's law at a concentration below 6.78%. The quantitative analysis enables a strategy for monitoring the formulation of lubricating oil in real time.OCIS codes: 070.4340, 160.4760, 190.4400, 300.6495. doi: 10.3788/COL201109.110010. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), as a multifunctional additive and inhibitor in petroleum industry, works mainly as antiwear, antioxidant, and anticorrosion agent [1,2] . ZDDP mixed with lube base oils (LBOs) has been used to study the effect of concentration on lubrication boundary and tribological properties [3] . The concentration of ZDDP in LBOs plays a crucial role in formulation, which is a balance of many different aspects of performance. Lubricating formulation generally results from a molecular diffusion mechanism due to the relative motion of molecules. Molecular diffusion in a steady-state and nonequilibrium system is divided into molecular motion and interaction. Molecular motion, containing the electronic motion, molecular vibration, and molecular rotation, is complicated and multibody. The intermolecular and intramolecular modes of ZDDP and LBO determine the ability of the reactants to approach each other and products to separate from each other. The intermolecular and intramolecular interactions often have their characteristic frequencies in the region lower than 100 cm −1 . Two major strategies can be used to investigate lowfrequency diffusion between ZDDP and LBO. Femtosecond optical Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy has been used over past decades to investigate molecular motion in liquids and liquid mixtures [4] . The second technique is terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) [5,6] , which is a promising and nondestructive analysis method for petroleum products. A unique attribute of THz-TDS is its ability to sensitively measure the induced molecular dipole moments of many petroleum products. Furthermore, the low photon energy of radiation allows propagation through flammable liquids without any danger of combustion. The past few years have witnessed a remarkable effort in employing THz-TDS for investigating the properties of petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel, lubricating oil, lube base oil, water-oil complexes, and organic solvents [7−9] . The absorption spectra of petroleum products show collective modes in the THz region.In this letter, we described the interaction between ZDDP and LBO using THz-TDS. First, we measured the THz-TDS of polar liquid of ZDDP at different concentrations in LBO from Russia and calculated their absorption coefficients. We then investigated the usefulness of...

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Effects of Chlorinated Paraffin and ZDDP Concentrations on Boundary Lubrication Properties of Mineral and Soybean Oils

Cited by 37 publications

References 30 publications

Tribological behavior of refined, bleached and deodorized palm kernel as an alternative lubricant

Tribological behavior of refined, bleached and deodorized palm kernel as an alternative lubricant

Tribological Properties of Limonene Bisphosphonates

Diffusion interaction and quantitative analysis of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate content in lube base oils in terahertz regime

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