Effects of chronic mastitis and its treatment with ketoprofen on the milk ejection curve

Zecconi, A.; Frosi, Samuele; Cipolla, Micaela; Gusmara, C.

doi:10.1017/s0022029917000863

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…An increase in the proportion of macrophages in late lactations have been reported in previous studies on quarter milk samples [ 17 , 35 ], but these studies involved both healthy cows and with subclinical mastitis. In our study, reduction in the proportion and correspondent increase in overall number of macrophages was observed only in cows with a clear inflammatory process; these results may be related to the increase frequency of chronic mastitis in late lactation [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Factors Affecting the Patterns of Total Amount and Proportions of Leukocytes in Bovine Milk

Zecconi

Zanini

Cipolla

et al. 2020

Animals

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Differential leukocyte count (DSCC) in milk is considered important to improve knowledge of udder immune response. The investigations on milk DSCC were limited by the techniques available until recently, when a high-throughput tool to perform DSCC opened the way to explore these factors in rapid and economically sustainable ways. We hypothesized that DSCC alone does not fully describe the pattern of these cells, since the total amount is also influenced by milk yield and SCC. Therefore, this study was designed to describe DSCC and total amount of different leukocytes in milk during the course of lactation in cows differing in parity and in levels of SCC. This study considered 17,939 individual milk tests from 12 dairy herds in Lombardy Region, where DCC testing was applied in the period of February 2018–December 2019 (23 months). The samples were divided into two subsets—“healthy” (HS) with SCC ≤200,000 cells/mL and “inflamed” (IS) with SCC >200,000 cells/mL. Cow in HS have a P + LT average between 5.0 × 108 and 3.0 × 109 cells. In IS cows, the values were 1.6 × 1010 and 2.5 × 1010. Therefore, the presence of a well-defined inflammatory process increased the overall amount of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and lymphocytes (LYM) of 1 log, from 1 × 109 to 1 × 1010. The assessment of the total amount of PMN and LYM, to our knowledge, have never been reported in scientific literature; the values observed may be proposed as benchmarks for studies on udder immune response. When data were analyzed by days in milk (DIM), they showed that cows in first and second lactation have a significantly lower amount of PMN + LYM, when compared to cows in third and higher lactation. However, these differences are numerically not very large (7%), and suggest that, in healthy animals, the number of immune cells is kept as constant as possible. In IS, the analysis of trends based on DIM showed that both DSCC and P + LT have a significant negative trend. These data suggest that only in this group, the presence of high SCC as lactation proceeds is associated with a progressive increase in the number of macrophages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the pattern of DSCC and the total amount of PMN + LYM in relation to parity, days in milk, and SCC, and it may be considered as the first contribution in the investigation on mammary gland immune response by the means of differential cell counts in milk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Factors Affecting the Patterns of Total Amount and Proportions of Leukocytes in Bovine Milk

Zecconi

Zanini

Cipolla

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…This may have led to overmilking, as observed by others (Tančin et al, 2007), which in turn may have resulted in more congestion and edema (Hil- lerton et al, 2000;Mein et al, 2001;Paulrud et al, 2005). Differences in milk flow curves were reported in a recent study (Zecconi et al, 2018), indicating that frequency of bimodal milk flow curves is higher in cows with chronic mastitis (SCC > 400,000 cells/mL in the last 2 monthly records) compared with healthy cows or cows receiving a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Bimodal milk flow curves have been reported to lead to congestion and subsequent edema of the teat tissue (Bruckmaier et al, 1995) and could further explain the observed differences.…”

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confidence: 73%

Short communication: Teat-end shape and udder-level milking characteristics and their associations with machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition

Wieland

Nydam

Älveby

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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Machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition, such as congestion and edema, have been associated with teat canal openness, penetrability, and thus susceptibility to new intramammary infections and diminished animal well-being. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the association of teat-end shape and machine milking-induced shortterm changes in teat tissue condition. Our secondary objective was to study the association of udder-level milking characteristics and short-term changes. Data from 125 Holstein cows were analyzed in a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Cows were housed in freestall pens with sand bedding, fed a total mixed ration, and milked 3 times per day. Teat-end shape was classified into 3 categories: pointed, flat, and round. Udder-level milking characteristics were obtained from electronic on-farm milk meters. Short-term changes in teat tissue condition after machine milking were assessed visually. Multivariable generalized mixed model analysis showed an association between teat-end shape and short-term changes. Compared with teats with round teat-end shape, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for short-term changes was 1.68 (0.53-5.31) and 0.03 (0.004-0.19) in teats with pointed and flat teat-end shape, respectively. There was an association between milking characteristics and short-term changes such that higher milk flow rate during the first 15 s of milking decreased the likelihood of short-term changes. The adjusted probability of short-term changes for a milking observation of a mid-lactation cow and an average first 15-s milk flow rate of 0.5 and 1.5 kg/min was 53. 0% (42.8-63.8) and 32.9% (15.2-57.3), respectively. Our results suggest that teat-end shape may be one of the risk factors that contribute to machine milking-induced short-term changes. Milking characteristics (e.g., first 15-s milk flow rate) may have the potential as a measure to indirectly monitor teat tissue changes associated with machine milking on a daily basis, though further research is needed to validate this hypothesis and to establish thresholds that could serve as on-farm guidelines.

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“…This criteria can be applied in most of Italian dairy herds, however, in peculiar areas where cows population is largely different from the one considered in this study (95% Italian Holstein Fresian), also breed effect can be considered. These approach based on SCC can be integrated with other ones such as the occurrence of a clinical mastitis, an antimicrobial treatment during lactation or the presence of teat alteration, all factors increasing the risk of recurrent mastitis (Tamburini et al 2010;Vanhoudt et al 2018;Zecconi et al 2018). However, these latters factors are strictly dependent by the accuracy of herd records and, therefore, less consistent when compared to the ones based on SCC, and appliable only to some herds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatic cell count as a decision tool for selective dry cow therapy in Italy

Zecconi

Sesana

Vairani

et al. 2018

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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The application of selective dry cow therapy is one of the measures currently suggested to reduce the use of antibiotics in dairy herds. However, the application of selective dry cow therapy will have a profound impact on Italian dairy herds, very likely affecting both milk yield and quality. Identifying cows to be treated at drying off is crucial for farmers and health authorities, therefore it is necessary the definition of a consistent and certified procedure. This article reports the results of a study aiming to identify which SCC threshold would be the most appropriate to identify cows to be treated and the potential consequences of different selection protocols on udder health after calving under field condition. Last milk test record before drying off and the average of lactation milk test records were considered on a database including 45,682 cow from 709 herd. Five different threshold were considered (50,000; 100,000; 150,000; 200,000; and 250,000 cells/mL). The statistical analysis of the database and a rational evaluation of the results suggest to define thresholds of 100,000 cells/mL for primiparous cows and 200,000 cells/mL for pluriparous cows measured either before drying-off or as the average of all the milk tests of the lactation. The criteria proposed will be useful to manage herd health and, specifically, dry-cows in an efficient and sustainable way, decreasing the use of antimicrobials without increasing the risk of affecting milk yield and quality after calving. HIGHLIGHTS The definition of a consistent and approved procedure to identify cow to be treated in a selective dry cow therapy approach is crucial. SCC from milk test records are a convenient, accurate and certified method. SCC values obtained before drying off or calculated as the average of lactation records can be used. The thresholds of 100,000 cells for primiparous cows and of 200,000 cells for pluriparous cows are suggested as an efficient and sustainable decision tool.

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Effects of chronic mastitis and its treatment with ketoprofen on the milk ejection curve

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Factors Affecting the Patterns of Total Amount and Proportions of Leukocytes in Bovine Milk

Factors Affecting the Patterns of Total Amount and Proportions of Leukocytes in Bovine Milk

Short communication: Teat-end shape and udder-level milking characteristics and their associations with machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition

Somatic cell count as a decision tool for selective dry cow therapy in Italy

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