Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Adipose and Skeletal Muscle Tissue: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, is a chronic lung disease with systemic manifestations including metabolic comorbidities. This study investigates adaptive and pathological alterations in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue following cigarette smoke exposure using in vivo and in vitro models. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or air for 72 days and the pre-adipose cell line 3T3-L1 was utilized as an in vitro model. Cigarette smoke exposure decreased body weight, and the proportional loss in fat mass was more pronounced than the lean mass loss. Cigarette smoke exposure reduced adipocyte size and increased adipocyte numbers. Adipose macrophage numbers and associated cytokine levels, including interleukin-1β, interleukine-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were elevated in smoke-exposed mice. Muscle strength and protein synthesis signaling were decreased after smoke exposure; however, muscle mass was not changed. In vitro studies demonstrated that lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation were upregulated in cigarette smoke-exposed pre-adipocytes. In conclusion, cigarette smoke exposure induces a loss of whole-body fat mass and adipose atrophy, which is likely due to enhanced lipolysis.

Predicted lean body mass trajectories, and cancer risk and cancer‐specific and all‐cause mortality: A prospective cohort study

“…We assumed that this difference was due to differences in muscle quality. Similar to a basic study by Wang et al, the results showed that muscle strength and protein synthesis signalling were reduced in mice after cigarette smoke exposure, but muscle mass was stable 25 . Further in vivo and in vitro studies revealed the role of inflammation.…”

Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Factors as Determinants of Cachexia Incidence and Outcomes in a Retrospective Cohort of Patients With Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer

“…Known risk factors for cachexia risk include advanced malignancy, aggressive tumor types, advanced age, 11 Charlson comorbidity index, 12 and alcohol/tobacco use. 13,14 When we controlled for each of these factors, Black and Hispanic patients still demonstrated more than double the risk of presenting with cachectic weight loss at the time of cancer diagnosis compared with non-Hispanic White patients. A lack of private insurance also held significance in the development of cancer cachexia with a risk elevation approaching 50%.…”

Association between composite dietary antioxidant index and handgrip strength in American adults: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2014)

“…And Hoge et al (34) showed that higher income was associated with better physical functioning in several areas relative to PIR. Relevant human (35,36) and animal (37,38) studies have demonstrated significant negative effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on muscle composition and strength. Scientific physical activity has been shown to improve human health and muscle strength levels (36,39,40), but sedentary time has a range of adverse physiological effects on muscle strength independent of physical activity (41-43).…”