Effects of cigarette smoking on respiratory problems and functional levels in multiple sclerosis patients

Nursing interventions to promote dyspnea self-management of complex chronic patients: An integrated review

“…Also, adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing comorbid conditions, and activating available resources when needed are mandatory actions to improve overall wellbeing and control dyspnea. Smoking history, including secondhand exposure, increases the risk of developing dyspnoea [ 15 , 65 ]. Consequently, managing dyspnea may need behavioral changes, such as smoking cessation.…”

The Importance of Managing Modifiable Comorbidities in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review

“…Other proposed mechanisms connecting smoking and MS involve the pro-inflammatory effects of cigarette smoke components, the predisposition to immune-mediated responses in smokers, the direct impact of cigarette smoke components on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the increased frequency and persistence of infections due to smoking (Figure 2) [68,69]. In addition to the direct effects of MS-specific disease progression, the accumulation of disability can also occur indirectly through the effect of smoking on respiratory function, which can result in a decline in mobility and other activities of daily living [70].…”