Effects of cigarette smoking on solid and liquid intragastric distribution and gastric emptying

Scott, Andrew; Kellow, John; Shuter, Borys; Nolan, Jenness M.; Hoschl, R.; Jones, Michael P.

doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90408-5

Cited by 85 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…As for ethanol, according to previous studies in adolescent rodents, even the moderate doses used in the present study result in blood levels well above the legal driving limit (Silveri and Spear, 2000). Ethanol plasma levels are reduced among animals that are simultaneously exposed to ethanol and nicotine (Chen and Harle, 2005;Gilbertson and Barron, 2005;Nowak et al, 1987;Scott et al, 1993). Accordingly, it may be suggested that the less-thanadditive effects of the combined exposure to nicotine and ethanol described in the present study could be due to a reduction in ethanol plasma levels.…”

Section: Methodological Issuessupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Accordingly, it may be suggested that the less-thanadditive effects of the combined exposure to nicotine and ethanol described in the present study could be due to a reduction in ethanol plasma levels. However, this reduction was only described in animals that received oral ethanol, which led to the suggestion that it is related to a nicotineinduced delay in gastric emptying (Chen and Harle, 2005;Gilbertson and Barron, 2005;Nowak et al, 1987;Scott et al, 1993), causing an increased ethanol metabolization by the gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (Oneta et al, 1998). In fact, other studies indicated that chronic nicotine does not change ethanol concentration if ethanol is infused intravenously (Hisaoka and Levy, 1985).…”

Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Abreu‐Villaça

Nunes

Queiroz-Gomes

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are frequently associated during adolescence. This association could be explained by the cumulative behavioral effects of nicotine and ethanol, particularly those related to anxiety levels. However, despite epidemiological findings, there have been few animal studies of the basic neurobiology of the combined exposure in the adolescent brain. In the present work we assessed, through the use of the elevated plus maze, the short-and long-term anxiety effects of nicotine (NIC) and/or ethanol (ETOH) exposure during adolescence (from the 30th to the 45th postnatal day) in four groups of male and female C57BL/6 mice: (1) Concomitant NIC (nicotine free-base solution (50 mg/ml) in 2% saccharin to drink) and ETOH (ethanol solution (25%, 2 g/kg) i.p. injected every other day) exposure; (2) NIC exposure; (3) ETOH exposure; (4) Vehicle. C57BL/6 mice were selected, in spite of the fact that they present slower ethanol metabolism, because they readily consume nicotine in the concentration used in the present study. During exposure (45th postnatal day: PN45), our results indicated that ethanol was anxiolytic in adolescent mice and that nicotine reverted this effect. Short-term drug withdrawal (PN50) elicited sex-dependent effects: exposure to nicotine and/or ethanol was anxiogenic only for females. Although neither nicotine nor ethanol effects persisted up to 1 month postexposure (PN75), the coadministration elicited an anxiogenic response. In spite of the fact that generalizations based on the results from a single strain of mice are prone to shortcomings, our results suggest that the deficient response to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol in adolescents co-exposed to nicotine may drive higher ethanol consumption. Additionally, increased anxiety during long-term smoking and drinking withdrawal may facilitate relapse to drug use.

show abstract

Section: Methodological Issuessupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Abreu‐Villaça

Nunes

Queiroz-Gomes

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Smoking may promote GER by several mechanisms, including attenuation of the tone at the lower oesophageal sphincter, [18][19][20] a decrease in salivary flow and bicarbonate secretion with a resultant prolongation of acid clearance, [20][21][22] and a delay in gastric emptying. 30,31 Some additional effects of smoking and nicotine that may be relevant to GERD are an increase in gastric acid and pepsin secretion, augmentation of duodeno-gastric bile reflux and attenuation of the protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa, such as synthesis of prostaglandins, mucus and epidermal growth factor. 32 Despite all these noxious effects of smoking, predisposing to GERD, the impact of this habit on GERD symptoms is not clear-cut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irritable bowel, smoking and oesophageal acid exposure: an insight into the nature of symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux

Zimmerman¹

2004

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Background : In gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, oesophageal acid exposure correlates with symptoms but explains only a small fraction of their variance. Aims : To elucidate the effects of irritable bowel syndrome and smoking on gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms and to clarify whether they modulate the relationship between oesophageal acid exposure and symptoms. Methods : The relationship between oesophageal acid exposure, irritable bowel syndrome (Rome I criteria), smoking status and symptoms was investigated in patients with a normal gastroscopy who underwent a 24‐h oesophageal pH monitoring. Results : Of 256 patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, 16% were smokers and 50% met the criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (irritable bowel syndrome+). The extent of oesophageal acid exposure was unrelated to smoking or irritable bowel syndrome status. Oesophageal acid exposure, irritable bowel syndrome status and current smoking independently predicted symptoms. Irritable bowel syndrome and smoking modulated the effect of oesophageal acid exposure on symptoms: oesophageal acid exposure was predictive of symptoms only in non‐smokers. However, irritable bowel syndrome was a significant predictor of symptoms both in smokers and in non‐smokers. Smoking was associated with symptoms only in irritable bowel syndrome+, while oesophageal acid exposure was associated with symptoms irrespective of irritable bowel syndrome status. Conclusions : In patients with non‐erosive gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, smoking and irritable bowel syndrome independently predicted symptoms, without affecting the extent of oesophageal acid exposure. The relationship between oesophageal acid exposure and symptoms was affected significantly, and in opposite directions, by smoking and irritable bowel syndrome.

show abstract

“…Gastric emptying times for solids are delayed in smokers, but not with nicotine patch use (28,29). Habitual smokers have a small but statistical significant increase in gastric fluid volumes when compared with non-smokers, even when refraining from smoking (30).…”

Section: Gastric Emptyingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre‐operative fasting guidelines: an update

Søreide

Eriksson

Hirlekar

et al. 2005

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand

230

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Liberal pre-operative fasting routines have been implemented in most countries. In general, clear fluids are allowed up to 2 h before anaesthesia, and light meals up to 6 h. The same recommendations apply for children and pregnant women not in labour. In children <6 months, most recommendations now allow breast-or formula milk feeding up to 4 h before anaesthesia. Recently, the concept of pre-operative oral nutrition using a special carbohydrate-rich beverage has also gained support and been shown not to increase gastric fluid volume or acidity. Based on the available literature, our Task Force has produced new consensus-based Scandinavian guidelines for pre-operative fasting. What is still not clear is to what extent the new liberal fasting routines should apply to patients with functional dyspepsia or systematic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Other still controversial areas include the need for and effect of fasting in emergency patients, women in labour and in association with procedures done under 'deep sedation'. We think more research on the effect of various fasting regimes in subpopulations of patients is needed before we can move one step further towards completely evidence-based pre-operative fasting guidelines. Accepted for publication 16 March 2005Key words: Anaesthesia; general; gastric content; gastric emptying; preoperative fasting; pulmonary aspiration complications. # Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 49 (2005)A NAESTHESIA-RELATED pulmonary aspiration leading to respiratory failure (Aspiration Pneumonitis; Mendelson's syndrome) has been described in both elective and emergency surgical patients (1-7). With the hope of reducing the risk of this complication, rigid fasting routines before surgery have been enforced (8). However, the scientific basis for these rigid fasting routines in elective patients has been challenged and found to be nonexistent (9-11). Based on this new information, several national anaesthesia societies now have accepted more liberal fasting rules for clear fluids (water, clear juices, coffee, tea) (12-17). Intake of solids in the morning of elective surgery is still not recommended.To what extent pre-operative fasting is of any importance in emergency cases is still a matter of uncertainty with variation in clinical practice. Further, it is also not clear to what extent specific patient populations with suspected or proven delayed gastric emptying need to be exempt from the new fasting guidelines (16,17). Recently, a new method for pre-operative optimization of the elective patient, oral nutrition with carbohydrates (16,18,19), has been introduced, but so far has not been widely implemented into clinical practice.This review aims to give an update on preoperative fasting and gastric content as a risk factor of pulmonary aspiration. We will focus on the development and experience with the new and more liberal clinical practice guidelines, but also present still controversial areas worth further research. Anaesthesia-related pulmonary aspiration: risk factors Gastric e...

show abstract

Effects of cigarette smoking on solid and liquid intragastric distribution and gastric emptying

Cited by 85 publications

References 23 publications

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Irritable bowel, smoking and oesophageal acid exposure: an insight into the nature of symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux

Pre‐operative fasting guidelines: an update

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About