Effects of CITRUS AURANTIUM extract, caffeine, and St. John's Wort on body fat, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight adults.

Colker, Carlon M.; Kalman, DS; Torina, Georgeann C.; Perlis, Theresa; Street, Carole C.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199905001-00448

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Few studies have been geared to elucidating the effectiveness of p‐synephrine intake on energy expenditure at rest . In some of them, multicomponent supplements containing Citrus aurantium increased resting metabolic rate after acute or chronic ingestion of these types of supplements . However, in most of these investigations, the experimental supplements contained other stimulants and sympathomimetic substances in addition to p‐synephrine, such as caffeine, a well‐recognized thermogenic substance .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations have demonstrated that acute and chronic ingestions of Citrus aurantium supplements – containing p‐synephrine among other sympathomimetic substances such as caffeine and octopamine – might induce increases in resting energy expenditure and lipolysis. Although it has been suggested that the thermogenic effect of Citrus aurantium might be related to the activation of the β3 adrenergic receptors induced by p‐synephrine , it is impossible to determine whether these effects are produced by the p‐synephrine contained in Citrus aurantium supplements or by the co‐ingestion of other active substances included in this type of supplements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute p‐synephrine ingestion increases fat oxidation rate during exercise

Gutiérrez-Hellín

Coso

2016

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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AIMSp-Synephrine is a protoalkaloid widely used in dietary supplements for weight management because of its purported thermogenic effects. However, there is a lack of scientific information about its effectiveness to increase fat metabolism during exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of an acute ingestion of p-synephrine on fat oxidation at rest and during exercise. METHODSIn a double-blind, randomized and counterbalanced experimental design, 18 healthy subjects performed two acute experimental trials after the ingestion of p-synephrine (3 mg kg À1 ) or after the ingestion of a placebo (cellulose). Energy expenditure and fat oxidation rates were measured by indirect calorimetry at rest and during a cycle ergometer ramp exercise test (increases of 25 W every 3 min) until volitional fatigue. RESULTSIn comparison with the placebo, the ingestion of p-synephrine did not change energy consumption (1.6 ± 0.3 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 kcal min À1 ; P = 0.69) or fat oxidation rate at rest (0.08 ± 0.02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.04 g min À1 ; P = 0.15). However, the intake of psynephrine moved the fat oxidation-exercise intensity curve upwards during the incremental exercise (P < 0.05) without affecting energy expenditure. Moreover, p-synephrine increased maximal fat oxidation rate (0.29 ± 0.15 vs. 0.40 ± 0.18 g min À1 ; P = 0.01) during exercise although it did not affect the intensity at which maximal fat oxidation was achieved (55.8 ± 7.7 vs. 56.7 ± 8.2% VO 2peak ; P = 0.51). CONCLUSIONSThe acute ingestion of p-synephrine increased the fat oxidation rate while it reduced the carbohydrate oxidation rate when exercising at low-to-moderate exercise intensities. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• p-Synephrine is a phenylethylamine derivative naturally present in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium).• This substance can also be synthesized in the human body using the same pathways involved in the synthesis of catecholamines.• p-Synephrine is a substance typically included in weight loss products because it might induce significant increases in basal metabolic rate and lipolysis by activation of the β3 adrenergic receptors. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The ingestion of 3 mg kg À1 of p-synephrine did not change energy consumption or fat oxidation rate at rest.• Acute consumption of p-synephrine was effective to move the fat oxidation-exercise intensity curve upwards during the incremental exercise and increased maximal fat oxidation rate during exercise.• The metabolic effects found after the ingestion of p-synephrine might be valuable for those individuals seeking increased fat oxidation during exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute p‐synephrine ingestion increases fat oxidation rate during exercise

Gutiérrez-Hellín

Coso

2016

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…However, a number of studies that have assessed the cardiovascular effects of products composed of C. aurantium extract in combination with caffeine and other ingredients have not observed an increase in blood pressure 6, 7, 11, 19-21 or heart rate 6, 7, 19-21. The results of the present study clearly agree with these previous observations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Acute Administration of an Herbal Preparation on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Humans

Seifert¹,

Nelson²,

Devonish³

et al. 2011

Int. J. Med. Sci.

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Confusion and controversy exist regarding the cardiovascular effects of dietary supplements containing caffeine and Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract. The primary protoalkaloidal ingredient in bitter orange extract is p-synephrine which has some structural similarities to ephedrine and nor-epinehrine, but exhibits markedly different pharmacokinetic and receptor binding properties. The goal of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of a product containing caffeine, bitter orange extract (p-synephrine) and green tea extract in mildly overweight individuals. Fourteen female and nine male subjects (age 24.7 ±7.4 yrs, BMI: 26.6 ±3.8) volunteered in this randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind designed study. On day one, subjects entered the laboratory following an overnight fast. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at 60 min. Expired air was analyzed for the next 10 min of the session. At each of three meals, subjects ingested one capsule that was either a non-caloric placebo or a dietary supplement that contained 13 mg p-synephrine and 176 mg caffeine. On the following day, the subjects returned and repeated the protocol for data collection beginning 60 min after consuming one capsule of the placebo or the dietary supplement. No effects of the dietary supplement on heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure or mean arterial pressure were observed. No between or within group differences were observed when data were analyzed for gender and caffeine usage. A small but significant decrease in resting respiratory exchange ratio was observed for the low caffeine user group in response to the product containing caffeine and p-synephrine. The results of this study indicate that ingestion of a product containing bitter orange extract, caffeine and green tea extract does not lead to increased cardiovascular stress and that fat oxidation may increase in certain populations.

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“…The preponderance of human clinical studies have reported that bitter orange extract ( p ‐synephrine) either alone or in combination with caffeine and other ingredients has no effect on blood pressure (Penzak et al , ; Haaz et al , ; Colker et al , ; Min et al , ; Sale et al , ; Gougeon et al , ; Haller et al , , ; Zenk et al , ; Hoffman et al , ; Seifert et al , ; Stohs et al , ; Stohs and Shara, ) or heart rate (Penzak et al , ; Colker et al , ; Min et al , ; Sale et al , ; Gougeon et al , ; Zenk et al , ; Hoffman et al , ; Seifert et al , ; Stohs et al , , Stohs and Shara, ). Several studies involving products that contained p ‐synephrine in addition to other constituents including caffeine have reported increases in blood pressure (Bui et al , ) and heart rate (Bui et al , ; Haller et al , , ).…”

Section: Human Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Safety of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) and its Primary Protoalkaloid p‐Synephrine

Stohs

Preuss

Shara

2011

Phytotherapy Research

110

101

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Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its principal protoalkaloidal constituent p-synephrine are widely used in weight loss and weight management as well as in sports performance products. However, questions are raised frequently regarding the safety of these ingredients. The potential inherent dangers associated with the use of products containing C. aurantium extract are frequently touted, while conversely, millions of doses of dietary supplements have been consumed by possibly millions of individuals in recent years. Furthermore, millions of people consume on a daily basis various juices and food products from Citrus species that contain p-synephrine. This review summarizes current information regarding the safety of C. aurantium (bitter orange) extract and p-synephrine based on human, animal and in vitro assessments as well as receptor binding and mechanistic studies. The data indicate that based on current knowledge, the use of bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appears to be exceedingly safe with no serious adverse effects being directly attributable to these ingredients.

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Effects of CITRUS AURANTIUM extract, caffeine, and St. John's Wort on body fat, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight adults.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Acute p‐synephrine ingestion increases fat oxidation rate during exercise

Acute p‐synephrine ingestion increases fat oxidation rate during exercise

Effect of Acute Administration of an Herbal Preparation on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Humans

The Safety of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) and its Primary Protoalkaloid p‐Synephrine

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