Effects of Citrus Fragrance on Immune Function and Depressive States

Komori, Teruhisa; Fujiwara, Ryoichi; Tanida, Masahiro; Nomura, Junichi; Yokoyama, Mineyuki

doi:10.1159/000096889

Cited by 190 publications

(119 citation statements)

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“…This view can help to explain the surprisingly positive results found in the treatment of depression with aromatherapy and essential oils [14], specially by using lemon citrus fragrance [2]. This hypothesis has been corroborated by results obtained with a rat experimental model of MDD [3].…”

Section: Brain Metabolism and Aromatherapymentioning

confidence: 53%

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On the Effect of Aromatherapy with Citrus Fragrance in the Therapy of Major Depressive Disorder

Pereira¹

2014

J Psychol Psychother

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The effect of aromatherapy on the human central nervous system is a controversial issue in medical sciences. Here we present a hypothesis relating citrus fragrance aromatherapy with brain glucose homeostasis in Major Depressive Disorder. How to conciliate the correlation between depression and resistance to insulin with the fact that glucose transport to neurons is not made directly by insulin? We briefly discuss the mechanism of dynamical glucose balance in the brain, which includes lactate transport from astrocytes to neuronal mitochondria supporting ATP (and then cAMP) production. We hypothesize that odors like vanillin and citrus fragrances fool the brain's glucose level sensors, reducing the subjective feeling of "low energy". This hypothesis can help to explain the surprisingly positive results found in the treatment of depression with aromatherapy.

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Section: Brain Metabolism and Aromatherapymentioning

confidence: 53%

“…In this paper, we attempt to move one step forward in this line of research, by making a hypothesis that has practical implication for psychotherapy. We restrict our hypothesis to vanillin and citrus fragrances because encouraging experimental results have been found with lemon odors [2,3] and vanillin [4] using the rat model of MDD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Effect of Aromatherapy with Citrus Fragrance in the Therapy of Major Depressive Disorder

Pereira¹

2014

J Psychol Psychother

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“…[68][69][70][71] A meta-analysis of 14 published trials however concluded that serum anti-ribosomal P measurements were not sensitive in diagnosing NPSLE and did not distinguish between NPSLE subsets. [72][73][74][75][76] The few pediatric NPSLE studies so far have only demonstrated a higher prevalence of these and anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies, in childhood than adult onset SLE without any clear causal or pathogenic association yet elucidated. 4,77,78 Our group at University College London (UCL), recently described the observation that serum anti-Sm antibodies levels correlate positively with higher levels of nitrated nucleosomes, a serum marker of nitrosative stress, as measured by a novel capture ELISA.…”

Section: Autoantibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations in childhood-onset lupus: an overview

2014

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This review explores current understanding of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) of childhood onset, in particular neurocognitive impairment. As yet, fewer studies have focused on childhood onset NPSLE compared to adult onset NPSLE and diagnosis still involves the 1999 American College of Rheumatology case definitions of neuropsychiatric syndromes, which were developed for adults. Although a validated core set of neuropsychometric tests exist for childhood onset NPSLE, these still have limitations and possible biomarkers and newer neuroimaging modalities remain mostly experimental. Important differences exist between childhood and adult onset SLE and specifically with NPSLE, outlined in this review. Normal adolescent brain development also involves significant differences from adults, particularly in executive function and social cognition. These issues may impact on the pathogenesis of NPSLE during this vulnerable period and also influence their management options.

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“…Citrus fragrance was given to depressive human subjects and the results indicated that the doses of antidepressants necessary for the treatment of depression could be markedly reduced. The treatment with citrus fragrance normalised neuroendocrine hormone levels and immune function and was rather more effective than antidepressants [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Certain odours can ameliorate depression and anxiety; for example, work on animals has shown that citrus fragrance can restore stressinduced immunosuppression [13,14] and lemon odour was found to be antidepressant in rats [15]. In normal human subjects, lemon odour reliably enhanced positive mood [16] and negative emotions became less intense during exposure to citrus odour [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and smell stimulus protocol reduced negative frontal EEG asymmetry and improved mood

et al. 2017

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Light and smell have both been shown to induce beneficial changes to human psychophysiology. Bright light therapy has been shown to have a positive impact on anxiety and depression and smell has also been shown to have positive effects on mood, stress, anxiety and depression. We developed a method for the delivery of integrated light and smell stimulation to try to optimise positive psychophysiological benefit. We tested its effectiveness on a physiological measure, EEG frontal alpha asymmetry (FA) and a psychological paradigm, the POMS test, both of which have been used as a measure of emotional state and mood. Light, pleasant smell, combined light+smell and a no stimulus control were delivered for 90s while the frontal alpha asymmetry (FA) was monitored. Smell and light+smell caused significant reductions in negative FA during stimulation. Exposure to a longer 15 min nonadaptive light+smell stimulus protocol reduced negative FA and decreased negative affect (POMS). The effects were greater in the negative FA group. Both the physiological (EEG) and psychometric (POMS) data indicate that integrated light and smell stimulation can reduce negative affect and reduce a marker for anxiety/ depression. This light+smell sensory stimulation protocol could offer a safe treatment for depression/anxiety.

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Effects of Citrus Fragrance on Immune Function and Depressive States

Cited by 190 publications

References 1 publication

On the Effect of Aromatherapy with Citrus Fragrance in the Therapy of Major Depressive Disorder

On the Effect of Aromatherapy with Citrus Fragrance in the Therapy of Major Depressive Disorder

Pathogenesis of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations in childhood-onset lupus: an overview

Light and smell stimulus protocol reduced negative frontal EEG asymmetry and improved mood

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