Effects of clomiphene citrate on ovarian function in hypophysectomized rats

Moon, Young Soo; Dulęba, Antoni J.; Yun, Young Won; Yuen, Basil Ho

doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0860753

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This drug can stimulate folliculogenesis cycle and increase sex hormone activation and consequently increase fertility [26]. The applied dose was 1 μg/kg in 1 cm 3 water solution.…”

Section: Clomiphene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How do red and infrared low-level lasers affect folliculogenesis cycle in rat’s ovary tissue in comparison with clomiphene under in vivo condition

2017

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Folliculogenesis is a cycle that produces the majority of oocyte. Any disruption to this cycle leads to ovulation diseases, like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Treatments include drugs and surgery; lasers have also been used complementarily. Meanwhile, still there is no definite treatment for PCOS. This study investigated the photo-bio stimulation effect of near-infrared and red low-level laser on producing follicles and compared the result with result of using common drug, clomiphene. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose the use of lasers autonomously treatment. So, there was one question: how do lasers affect folliculogenesis cycle in rat's ovary tissue? In this study, 28 rats were assigned to four groups as follows: control (CT), clomiphene drug (D), red laser (RL), and near-infrared laser (NIRL). Afterwards, 14 rats of RL and NIRL groups received laser on the first 2 days of estrous cycle, each 6 days, for 48 days. During treatment period, each rat received energy density of 5 J/cm 2 . Seven rats in D group received clomiphene. After the experiment, lasers' effects at two wavelengths of 630 and 810 nm groups have been investigated and compared with clomiphene and CT groups. Producing different follicles to complement folliculogenesis cycle increased in NIRL and RL groups, but this increase was significant only in the NIRL group. This indicates that NIRL increases ovarian activity to produce oocyte that certainly can be used in future studies for finding a cure to ovarian negligence to produce more oocyte and treat diseases caused by it like PCOS.

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“…This drug can stimulate folliculogenesis cycle and increase sex hormone activation and consequently increase fertility [26]. The applied dose was 1 μg/kg in 1 cm 3 water solution.…”

Section: Clomiphene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They received drug when RL and NIRL groups were undergoing irradiation. It was determined based on previously published protocol about clomiphene application [26].…”

Section: Clomiphene Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do red and infrared low-level lasers affect folliculogenesis cycle in rat’s ovary tissue in comparison with clomiphene under in vivo condition

2017

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Preovulatory administration of clomiphene citrate to mice causes fetal growth retardation and neural tube defects (exencephaly) by an indirect maternal effect

Dziadek

1993

Teratology

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Clomiphene citrate was administered to female mice at different doses and different times prior to ovulation, in the preimplantation period after ovulation, and after implantation. Pregnancy outcome was determined on day 15 of gestation, when the number of implantations and resorptions were calculated relative to the number of ovulations, and fetuses were assessed for size and stage of development and morphological abnormalities. Preovulatory administration of clomiphene citrate caused decreased implantation rates and growth retardation of surviving fetuses, the degree of the effect being dependent on the dose and the time of drug injection relative to ovulation. The implantation rate was lowest, and the degree of fetal growth retardation highest, when clomiphene citrate was administered immediately before ovulation. An increased incidence of exencephaly was found in the fetuses of females injected with clomiphene citrate prior to ovulation. Transfer of blastocysts from treated mice to untreated fosters showed the effect of clomiphene citrate on implantation and fetal growth to be predominantly mediated through the female reproductive tract, rather than a direct effect on the embryo itself. Administration of clomiphene citrate in the preimplantational period resulted in complete inhibition of implantation, while the only effect when administration was after implantation was a slight reduction in fetal weight. These results indicate that preovulatory clomiphene citrate impairs uterine function, which has an indirect effect on the growth and development of the postimplantation embryo.

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Potential Teratogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate

2017

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Clomiphene citrate (CC) is the oldest drug used to regulate the process of ovulation. Considering the great use of CC over the last 40 years, it is important to understand the possible risks associated with its use. The aim of this review was to evaluate the possible teratogenic effects of CC, analyzing results obtained from animal and human studies. The pharmacokinetics of CC and possible mechanisms involved in teratogenesis are examined. Fetal exposure to CC is possible due to the long half-life of CC and its metabolites. Alarming data have emerged from animal studies, although controversial results come from human studies. There is some evidence regarding a possible association of CC exposure and fetal malformations, mainly neural tube defects and hypospadias, which would require further investigation in order to allow safer use of this useful drug.

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Effects of clomiphene citrate on ovarian function in hypophysectomized rats

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

How do red and infrared low-level lasers affect folliculogenesis cycle in rat’s ovary tissue in comparison with clomiphene under in vivo condition

How do red and infrared low-level lasers affect folliculogenesis cycle in rat’s ovary tissue in comparison with clomiphene under in vivo condition

Preovulatory administration of clomiphene citrate to mice causes fetal growth retardation and neural tube defects (exencephaly) by an indirect maternal effect

Potential Teratogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate

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